1. Timeline of Human History (Centuries BC and AD, etc.)
2. Map: Asia-Europe Interconnection
3. Map: The Four Old-World River Valley Cultures
4. Chart: Comparative Dating Systems: BC/AD - Olympiads - AUC

MAPS: MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT

Mesopotamia and the Near East:
1. Color Map: The Ancient Near East
2. Map: The Fertile Crescent (color)
3. Map of the Anciet Near East PRINT THIS MAP AND FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH IT.
   (printing instructions: for best results, do not simply print out from this browser; download and save
   the image to disk; then open it in any paint or drawing program, and print from there--landscape
   orientation and enlarged to fit the page)
4. Animated Map: Sumer and Elam, 4th millennium B.C. (showing both ancient and modern coastlines) (color)
5. Map: Sumerian Kinglist
6. Map: Akkadian Empire of Sargon I of Akkad (Agade)
7. Map: Babylonian Empire
8. Map: Hittite Empire
9. Map: Neo-Assyrian Empire
10. Map: Persian Empire
11. Chart: Afro-Asiatic Family of Languages
12. Map: Afro-Asiatic and African Languages (geographical distribution)

Egypt and Nubia:
1. Map: The Nile River Basin (sources of the Nile inundation)
2. Map: Egypt (color)
3. Map: Egypt from the Egyptian World View
4. Map: Egyptian Empire (c. 1580-1070 B.C.) (color)
5. Map: Ancient Nubia

WESTERN ASIA AND MESOPOTAMIA

1. Photo: Aerial View of the City-mound of Jericho
2. Photo: Aerial View of the City of Ur with Ziggurat and Temple Complex
3. Photo: Relief of Sumerian Infantry
4. Plan of the City Ur, ca. 2100 B.C.
5. Street Plan of the City of Ur, ca. 2100 B.C.
6. Drawing: Reconstruction of the ziggurat at Ur, combined views (by Sir Leonard Woolley)
7. Photo: Stela of Hammurabi and the Code of Hammurabi (Old Babylonia), ca. 1750 B.C.
8. Photo: Stela of Hammurabi, detail of relief: Shamash presents laws to Hammurabi

EGYPT

1. Chart: Egyptian Cosmogony of Heliopolis.
2. Photo: Nile River, Rising Inundation, Giza Plateau.
3. Photo: Nile River Inundation, Giza Plateau, Full-flood Stage.
4. Photo: Nile River Inundation, Dahshur, Village "Island".
5. Photo: Desert Edge in the Nile Valley at Medum.

6. Drawing: Narmer Palette, Hierakonpolis.
7. Drawing: Section of Step Pyramid of King Djoser, Saqqara, Dynasty 3: detailing five
   phases in building program leading from mastaba to step pyramid
8. Drawing: Rudimentary Reconstruction of Giza Plateau
9. Plan: Giza Plateau
10. Photo: Giza Plateau Three Pyramids
11. Photo: Panorama of Giza Plateau from South (incl. quarry of Khafre)
12. Photo: Pyramid of King Khufu (Cheops) at Giza (photo by Francis Frith)
13. Composite Photo: Statuette of King Khufu, various views), 3" talll, Cairo Museum
14. Photo: Statue of Hemiunu, Vizier and Chief Architect of King Khufu, Boston Museum
15. Photo: Khafre Pyramid by Night (in quarry)
16. Photo: Khafre Pyramid situated in quarry
17. Photo: Khafre Pyramid Mortuary Temple (and quarry left))
18. Photo: Pyramid of Khufu Burial Chamber and Coffin
19. Drawing: Reconstruction of pyramid and pyramid temple of King Sahure, Abu Sir, Dynasty 5

20. Photo: Statue of Queen Hatshepsut
21. Photo: Statue of King Thutmose III
22. Photos: Statues of King Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti
23. Chart: Who were the Sea People?.

24. Plan of Ancient Alexandria
25. Plan of Modern Alexandria: City-center superimposed on ancient city-plan
26. Reconstructions of the Pharos Lighthouse of Ancient Alexandria
27. Photo: Alexandria, Fort of Qait Bey on the Location of the Pharos
28. Photo: Pharos of Taposiris Magna
29. Photo: Alexandria, Roman Amphitheater
30. Photo: Alexandria, Roman Architectural Remains
31. Modern Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt

MAPS: GREECE

1. Map of the Mediterranean World: The Hellenistic East, Greece and Rome PRINT THIS MAP AND FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH IT. (printing instructions: for best results,
   do not simply print directly from this browser. Download and save the image to disk. Then open
   the file in any paint or drawing program. Set up the printer to print on 14-inch paper, in a
   landscape orientation, and enlarge to fit to the page. Print from there.)
2. Map: Minoan Crete
3. Map: Minoan World and Aegean Sea
4. Map: Island of Thera (modern)
5. Map: Mycenaean Civilization
6. Map: Ancient Greece
7. Map: Troy and the Troiad, Asia Minor (modern)
8. Map: Troy and the Troiad, 1300 BC
9. Animated Map: The Voyages of Odysseus in The Odyssey
10. Map: Mycenaean Exodus from Greece
11. Map: Route of the Sea People in Asia
12. Map: Magna Graecea: Ancient Greece and Her Colonies
13. Map: Ancient Greece in the Roman Era
14. Map: The Persian Wars
15. Map: The Peloponnesian War
16. Map: Empire of Alexander the Great
17. Map: The Hellenistic World

MINOANS AND MYCENAEANS

1. Plan: Minoan Palace at Knossos ("Labrynthos"), Crete
2. Reconstruction: Minoan Palace Courtyard at Knossos, Crete
3. Photo: Section of Minoan Palace at Knossos, Crete, exterior
4. Photo: Minoan Palace at Knossos, Crete, interior--ceiling reconstructed
5. Photo: Minoan Palace at Knossos, Crete, reconstructed wall section with columns
6. Photo: Minoan Palace at Knossos, Crete, Egyptian-style storerooms (partially reconstructed)
7. Photo: Minoan Palace at Knossos, Crete, Bull's Horns Insignia
8. Photo: Wall Painting of Youths Vaulting Over Bull, Palace of Knossos, Crete (partially restored)
9. Photo: Knossos, Crete, Bull's Head Rhyton (drinking cup)
10. Photo: Minoan Caves (cultic and tombs) Matala (near Phaistos)
11. Photo: Statuette of Minoan Earth Goddess, Crete
12. Photo: Minoan Monumental Double-axe (Labrys)
13. Photo: Minoan Double-axe amulets (Labrys) Knossos
14. Drawing (reconstructed): Phaestos Disk, Front and Back, Crete
15. Photo: Samples of Texts in Linear A, Crete
16. Photo: Pasiphae Nursing Her Son, the Minotaur
17. Photo: Theseus slaying the Minotaur of Crete (images)

18. Aerial Photo: Island of Thera (Santorini)
19. Satellite Photo-Map: Thera (Santorini)
20. Photo: Thera and the Island of Nea-kameni
21. Photo: Wall Painting of Thera before Eruption, Procession of Minoan Ships, Akrotiri
22. Photo: Wall Painting from Akrotiri, Thera: Soldiers and Sea Battle

23. Greek Literary Sources for the Trojan War

24. Photo: Aerial View of Mycenae
25. Drawing: Reconstruction of Mycenae
26. Photo: Mycenae, the Lion Gate
27. Photo: Mycenae, entrance to a tholos-tomb
28. Photo: Mycenaen Heavy Infantry - Armor
29. Photo: Linear B Syllabary, Fitzwilliam Tablet (Knossos). Bill of Sale for Coriander.
30. Drawing Elevation: Stratified Levels of Troy (Hisarlik)
31. Drawing Egyptian Wall Relief (Medinet Habu): Naval Battle against the Sea People
32. Drawing Egyptian Wall Relief (Medinet Habu): Detail of Pelest (Philistines) and Ship
33. Chart: Who were the Sea People?.

GREECE

1. Photo: Kouros Statue, Greek Archaic Period (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
2. Photo: Greek Kouros Statue and Egyptian Statue of King Thutmose III (comparison)
3. Photo: City of Athens with Acropolis
4. Photo: Ruins of the Parthenon (temple of Athena the Virgin) on the Acropolis, Athens
5. Drawing: Greek Infantry Phalanx with Hoplite Warriors
6. Photo: Ancient Statue of Greek Hoplite Warrior
7. Photo: Bronze Hoplite Helmet (Royal Ontario Museum)
8. Photo: Greek Crater, Painting of Hoplite Warrior

9. Photo: Thermopylae, View to north
10. Photo: Thermopylae, View to North, Battle Plain
11. Photo: Thermopylae, Pass Through Mountains
12. Photo: Thermopylae, Hill of Death
13. Photo: Thermopylae, Modern Commemorative Statue
14. Photo: Sparta, Modern Statue of King Leonidas

MAPS: ROME AND BYZANTIUM

1. Relief Map: Mediterranean Basin
2. Map: Etruscan Civilization, 750-500 B.C.
3. Map: Roman Italy
4. Map: Rome (7 Hills), 7th Century B.C.
5. Map: Rome (7 Hills), 1st Century A.D.
6. Map: The Second Punic War

7. Map: Roman Empire, 1st-2nd Centuries A.D.
8. Map: Roman Empire, 4th Century A.D.
9. Map: Division of the Roman Empire, A.D. 394
10. Map: Byzantine Roman Empire of Justinian, 6th Century A.D.

ROME

1. Photo: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus
2. Chart: Roman Republic, Branches of Government
3. Photo: The Capitoline She-Wolf (traditional symbol of Rome): Statue of Romulus and Remus Suckling from She-wolf (5th century B.C.)
4. Photo: Forum of Rome (Ruins)
5. Drawing: Colosseum of Rome, reconstruction
6. Photo: Colosseum of Rome, Interior
7. Photo: Roman Concrete Walls
8. Photo: The Pantheon in Rome
9. Photo: Interior of the Great Dome of the Pantheon

10. Photo: Roman Triumphal Arch, Timgad (Thamugadi), Province of Numidia, North Africa
11. Photo: Roman Aqueduct, France (Gaul)
12. Photo: Hadrian's Wall (Ruins), Yorkshire, England
13. Photo: Amphitheater of Pompeii, Interior & Exterior
14. Photo: Temple of Fortuna in Nimes (France)

15. Aerial Photo: Modern Actium, Location of the Battle of Actium
16. Diagram: Typical Roman Army Legion
17. Diagram: Detail of Roman Army Legion (Centuries, Maniples and Cohorts)
18. Drawing: Roman Aquilae (Legionary Standards)
19. Drawing: Roman Aquilae, SPQR, Vexiloid

20. Photo: Statue of Roman Citizen Carrying Busts of Ancestors
21. Drawing: The Roman Fasces
22. Drawing: Lictor carrying the Fasces
23. Photo: Baton of Imperium (replica)

24. Photo: Bust of Gaius Julius Caesar
25. Photo: Bust of Gaius Octavius (Octavian), Grand-nephew and Heir of Julius Caesar
26. Photo: Statue of Emperor Caesar August (formerly Octavian) as Pontifex Maximus
27. Photo: Bust of Tiberius, Successor of Caesar Augustus
28. Photo: Busts of Caligula (Gaius Caesar), Successor of Tiberius
29. Photo: Bust of Claudius, Successor of Caligula
30. Photo: Bust of Nero, Successor of Claudius
31. Photo: Bust of Emperor Diocletian
32. Photo: Statue of Emperor Constantine

LATE ANTIQUITY/EARLY MIDDLE AGES

1. Photo: Aerial View, Istanbul
2. Photo: The Walls of Constantinople (Byzantium)
3. Photo: The Walls of Constantinople: Gate of St. Romanus
4. Photo: Hagia Sophia ("Church of the Holy Wsdom"), Mosque & Museum
5. Photo: Hagia Sophia Mural: Justinian and Constantine

JUDAISM AND ISLAM

1. Aerial Photo: Jerusalem, Temple Mount (from south)
2. Map: The Spread of Islam, AD 622-750
3. Photo: Persian Miniature: Prophet receives revelation from Angel Jabril (Gabriel), A.D. 1315 = A.H. 693
4. Photo: Jebel el-Nur: Hira, cave of revelation

MIDDLE AGES AND CRUSADES

1. Map: Crusaders' Routes to the Holy Land
2. Map: Crusades, A.D. 1190
3. Map: Plantagenet Lands: England, France and Ireland (Henry II, A.D. 1154-1189)
4. Photo: Jerusalem: Church of the Holy Sepulcher (1885)
5. Nazi Belt Buckle, German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht), World War II