1. Ancient Near East
2. Ancient Near East (II)
3. Five Empires of the Ancient Near East, ca. 1450 BC (height of Egyptian Empire)
4. Five Empires of the Ancient Near East, ca. 1270 BC (height of Hittite Empire)
5. The Ancient Near East (black and white; for printing). Print Instructions: copy file to disk; open file in any drawing program; in "Page Setup"-commmand, set page to "Landscape"-orientation; print file with command, "fit to page."

6. Mesopotamia and Ancient Western Asia
7. RELIEF Western Asia: Political and Topographical

8. Hittite Empire, New Kingdom (ca. 1600-1179 BC)
9. Turkey, Syria, Northern Iraq = Major Sites
10. Anatolia and the Hittite Realms (Late Bronze Age)
11. Hatti, Mitanni and the Syrian Vassals
12. Mitanni and the Near East, 1400 BC

13. Progressive Maps: Akkadian Empire from Sargon I through successors

14. Modern Syria and Tell Hamukar
15. Northern Mesopotamia (Upper Khabur Basin, NE Syria), 3rd Millennium urban sites & survey areas

MAPS OF EGYPT AND NUBIA

1. Map of Egypt (black & white--for printing)
2. Egypt and Nubia (Kush) with Designated Borders, Relief, and Terrain (color)
3. Map of Egypt [PAP] (color)
4. Map of Modern Egypt (CIA)

5. Reconstruction: Egyptian World View--looking North to South
6. Reconstruction: Egyptian World View--looking North to South, with Egyptian place names

7. The Nomes of Upper and Lower Egypt. Nome boundaries conjectured and standardized.
8. The nomes of the Delta (Lower Egypt). Exact nome boundaries are conjectured.
9. Pyramid-temple Estates of King Snefru Locations of estates (pious foundations) throughout the country in relation to the pyramid and temple at Dahshur

10. Nile Delta: Cities and Seven Branches of the Ancient Nile River
11. Nile Delta: Ancient Coastline during the Old Kingdom
12. Nile Delta, Middle Kingdom, Line of Border Forts ("Walls of the Ruler")

13. Ancient Nubia (color, reduced)
14. Ancient Nubia (black & white, detail)

15. Second Cataract Region: The Forts of Amenemhat I
16. Second Cataract Region: The Forts of Sesostris III
17. Second Intermediate Period Political Kingdoms along the Nile River

18. Egyptian Empire, New Kingdom
19. Canaan and Syria in the Amarna Letters
20. Invasion Routes of the Sea People through the Near East

SATELLITE AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF WESTERN ASIA, EGYPT AND AFRICA

1. Satellite Map: North Africa, the Sahara, Sehel, and Nile Valley
2. Satellite Photo: The Black Sea
3. Satellite Photo-montage: The Black Sea: Hypothetical reconstruction of lake before alleged flooding (river courses conjectured)

4. Satellite Photo-montage: Troy and the Troiad (ancient and modern coastlines)

5. Satellite Photo: Ruins of Babylon (whole city)
6. Satellite Photo: Ruins of Babylon, central section, remains of Etemenanki (ziggurat of Marduk= "Tower of Babel")
7. Photo: Views of the Nile Delta, Egypt, from Space
8. Satellite Photo: Step Pyramid Complex of Djoser, Saqqara
9. Satellite Photo: Pyramid Complex of Unas, Saqqara

HISTORIOGRAPHY AND METHODS

1. Chart: Sources, Methods and Disciplines in Ancient Near Eastern Studies (anthropological)
2. Photo: Palermo Stone (recto), Second and Third Dynasty Annals
3. Drawing: Palermo Stone (recto), Transcription of Annals
4. Drawing: Annals of Amenemhat II, Middle Kingdom (transcription)
5. Drawing: King List, Temple of Abydos, New Kingdom (facsimile-extract)
6. Drawing: King List, Temple of Abydos, New Kingdom (transcription-complete)
7. Photo: Turin Papyrus: Canon of Kings (section)
8. Drawing: Turin Papyrus Canon of Kings (transcription)

LAND AND ENVIRONMENT: WESTERN ASIA

1. Photo: The Tigris River near Samarra (north of Baghdad)
2. Photo: Sandstorm in Central Mesopotamia
3. Photo: Tell Nebi Mend (Syria), Kadesh & Countryside
4. Photo: Tell Nebi Mend (Syria), Kadesh & Countryside (opposite side)

LAND AND ENVIRONMENT: EGYPT AND AFRICA

1. Drawing: Phases of the Sahara Desert, 120,000 BC to Present
2. Drawing: Topographical Cross-section of the Nile

3. Photo: Partially Collapsed Pyramid of Medum (and the Edge of the Cultivation)
4. Photo: Panorama of West Bank of Thebes
5. Photo: Middle Egypt Lush Valley Environment

6. Plan and Section: Nile Flood Plain, 1500 B.C.
7. Animation: Basin System at Work (P. Piccione)
8. Photo: Irrigation scene with shaduf: tomb of Ipuy (W. Thebes)

9. Aerial Photo: Nile Inundation at Giza
10. Photo: Nile Inundation near Giza Pyramids
11. Aerial Photo: Nile Inundation at Dahshur (with island-village)

CREATION MYTHOLOGIES AND COSMOLOGIES

1. Chart: Egyptian Cosmogony of Heliopolis
2. Photo (composite): Shabaka Stone: Memphite Theology
3. Photo: Wall Painting of Ra in boat (tomb of Sennedjem)
4. Photo: Statuette of Tutankhamun as Nefertem
5. Photo: Statuette of Ptah (Tutankhamun)
6. Drawing: Egyptian Conception of Cosmos (plan)
7. Drawing from papyrus: Shu (air) Separates Geb (earth) from Nut (sky)
8. Drawing: Schematic Conception of Heaven, Earth and Netherworld (elevation)

LANGUAGE AND WRITING

1. Chart: Afro-Asiatic Languages
2. Map: Distribution of Afro-Asiatic Languages
3. Chart: Stemma of Semitic Languages
4. Demonstration: Writing Cuneiform on a Clay Tablet
5. Rosetta Stone, Ptolemy IV Epiphanes, 196 BC
6. First Egyptian Hieroglyphs: Ivory Tags, Abydos, Dynasty 0, Tomb of King Scorpion
7. Last Egyptian Hieroglyphs: Invocation to Merwel (Mandulis), Temple of Philae

ANATOLIAN AND HITTITE ARCHITECTURE

1. Drawing: Stratigraphy: Nine Levels of Troy
2. Photo: Rebuilt Walls of Hattusha (Bogazköy), Hittite capital city
3. Photo: Lion Gate of Hattusha, Buyukkale (Citadel), scaled with people (Photo by Kacicnik)
4. Photo: Sphinx Inner Gate of Buyukkale (Citadel) of Hattusha (Bogazköy), Hittite capital
5. Photo: Great Temple of Hattusha, Blue Stone Altar [for Great Treaty Tablet] (Photo by Kacicnik)/
6. Photo: Great Temple of Hattusha, storerooms
7. Photo: Hattusha Lower City and Countryside
8. Photo: Hattusha Upper City and Countryside
9. Photo: Hattusha, Buyyukale (Citadel) and Countryside
10. Photo: Hattusha, Buyyukale ruins, Bogazköy
11. Plan: Hattusha Buyyukale plans, Bogazköy

HITTITE SOCIETY AND RELIGION

1. Statue: Hittite King or God (Cleveland Museum)
2. Relief: Teshub Sorm God, Tell Halaf (British Museum)
3. Relief: Teshub Sorm God
4. Rock Relief: Shrine of Yazilikaya, 12 Gods of the Netherworld
5. Hattusha, Rock Shrine of King Suppiluliuma II (last King of Hatti), Hitite hieroglyphs

EGYPTIAN SOCIETY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE

1. Diagram: Structure of Egyptian society: King as focus of society, around whom orbit the social classes
2. Graph: Population of the Nile Valley, 5000 BC - AD 1000 (hypothetical)
3. Chart: Hypothetical Demographic Development in Ancient Egypt (by Region), 4000 BC - 150 BC

KINGDOM OF MITANNI (HURRIANS)

1. Map: Mitannian Empire, 16th-14th Century BC
2. Clay tablet: Amarna Letter, Mitannian King Tushratta to Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep III. Cuneiform (British Museum)
3. Foundation Tablet, Hurrian Cuneiform. Louvre
4. Relief: Mitannian Scout-Horseman, Tell Halaf, Syria (British Museum)
5. Relief: Mitannian Slinger with Slingshot, Tell Halaf, Syria (British Museum)

HITTITE NEW KINGDOM

1. Map: Hittite Empire, New Kingdom
2. Statue: Hittite King or God (Cleveland Museum)
3. Relief: Teshub Sorm God, Tell Halaf (British Museum)
4. Relief: Teshub Sorm God
5. Hittite Silver Drinking Cup in Form of a Fist
6. Tablet: Hittite-Egyptian Peace Treaty (ca. 1258 BC), Hittite cuneiform. Istanbul Museum
7. Tablet: Copy of Hittite-Egyptian Peace Treaty (ca. 1258 BC). Berlin Museum

1. Drawing: Ivory Knife-handle, Gebel el-Arak, Egypt. Mesopotamian motives: master of animals (= Sumerian en) and preying animals, and Mesopotamian-like ships with upraised prows and sterns
2. Drawing: Ivory Knife-handle, Gebel el-Tarif, Egypt. Mesopotamian motives: entwined serpents, rosettes, winged griffin, and preying animals
3. Drawing: Scorpion Macehead, Hierakonpolis. Relief depicting King Scorpion of Hierakonpolis in the ritual of cutting open a dike or canal; dead rekhyt-birds on standards represent defeated people of the Delta-region.
4. Drawing: Narmer Palette, Hierakonpolis. Left side depicts Narmer as King of Upper Egypt performing the ritual execution of a Lower Egyptian captive. The right side depicts him as King of Lower Egypt inspecting ten decapitated corpses.
5. Drawing: Reconstruction of mastaba of King Djet, Saqqara, Dynasty 1

6. Photo: Funerary Enclosure of Khasekhem, Hierakonpolis, Dynasty 2
7. Photo: Funerary Enclosure of Khasekhem, Hierakonpolis, detail of niched-brick panelled facade
8. Photo: Funerary Enclosure of Khasekhem, Abydos, Dynasty 2
9. Photo: Boat-graves of Khasekhemwy, Abydos, Dynasty 2
10. Drawing: Reconstruction of mastaba of Queen Merneit, Saqqara, Dynasty 1

EGYPTIAN HISTORY: OLD KINGDOM AND 1ST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

1. Photo: Step Pyramid Complex of Djoser, enclosure wall and main entrance
2. Drawing: Section of Step Pyramid of King Djoser, Saqqara, Dynasty 3: detailing five phases in building program leading from mastaba to step pyramid
3. Photo: Pyramid of Huni at Medum
4. Drawing: Section of Pyramid of Huni at Medum, Dynasty 3-4: detailing alteration from step pyramid to true pyramid
5. Photo: Bent Pyramid of Snefru at Dahshur, Dynasty 4
6. Photo: Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) at Giza (photo by Francis Frith)
7. Photo: Giza, Pyramids of Khufu's Queens and Boat-graves
8. Photo: Giza, mastabas of the Old Kingdom (from top of Khufu's pyramid)
9. Photo: Giza, Pyramid of Khafre and mortuary temple (from top of Khufu's pyramid)
10. Drawing: Reconstruction of the Pyramids of Abu Sir, Dynasty 5
11. Drawing: 3-D Reconstruction of pyramid and pyramid temple of King Unas, Saqqara, Dynasty 5
12. Drawing: Reconstruction of the sun-temple of King Neuserre at Abu Ghurob (Dynasty 5) with benben as cult-focus
13. Photo: Mortuary temples of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II and Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari (Dynasty 11, Western Thebes)
14. Plan and reconstruction of the mortuary temple of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II at Deir el-Bahari (Dynasty 11, Western Thebes)

EGYPTIAN HISTORY: MIDDLE KINGDOM AND 2ND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

1. Photo: Statue of King Amenemhat (Karnak temple)
2. Map: Second Cataract Region: The Forts of Amenemhat I
3. Plan: The Fort of Buhen (Nubia)
4. Photo: Statue of Sesostris I (MMA-New York)
5. Photo: Statuary of Sesostris III
6. Map: Second Cataract Region: The Forts of Sesostris III
7. Drawing: Semna and Kumma Forts (Nubia)
8. Plan and Reconstruction: Fort of Shalfak (Nubia)
9. Map: Second Intermediate Period Political Kingdoms along the Nile River
10. Photo: head of the mummy of King Seqenenre Tao II (Thebes, Dyn. 17)
11. Photo: Second Stela of Kamose (Dyn. 17)

EGYPTIAN HISTORY: NEW KINGDOM: DYNASTY 18

1. Map: Egyptian Empire, New Kingdom

2. Genealogical Chart: 18th Dynasty Royal Family (color)
3. Photo: Statuette of Queen Ahmes-Nefertari
4. Photo: Statue of Amenhotep I
5. Photo: Statue of Thutmose I
6. Photo: Statue of Queen Hatshepsut
7. Drawing: Relief of Queen Ahmes, Mother of Hatshepsut (drawn by Howard Carter, Temple of Deir el-Bahari)
8. Photo: Seated Statue of Queen Hatshepsut
9. Photo: Obelisk of Queen Hatshepsut, decorated pyramidion, Karnak Temple
10. Photo: Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari, Western Thebes
11. Drawing: Reconstruction of Temples of Deir el-Bahari, Western Thebes
12. Photo: Statue of Thutmose III
13. Photo: Statue of Thutmose III
14. Photo: Statue of Thutmose III (close-up)
15. Photo: Statue of Amenhotep II

16. Plan: Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak
17. Drawing: Reconstruction of Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak (color)
18. Photo: First Pylon-gateway of the Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak
19. Photo: Columns of the Hypostyle Hall, Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak
20. Photo: Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak from above First Court
21. Photo: Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak from Sacred Lake
22. Photo: Gold Cult-statue of of Amun-Ra, King of the Gods
23. Drawing: Procession of the Portable Bark-shrine of Amun-Ra, Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak, Dyn. 30 (wall relief, sanctuary facade)

24. Photo: Pylons and Entrance of Luxor Temple (Temple of Amun-Kamutef)
25. Drawing: Reconstruction of Luxor Temple

26. Drawing: Captured Peoples of the Egyptian Empire (personification of the "Nine Bows"-enemies), from the throne dais of Amenhotep III
27. Photo: Nubians Bringing Tribute to Egypt (tomb of Sebekhotep)
28. Photo: Egyptianized Nubian Princess and Retinue Come in Homage to King Tutankhamun (tomb of Huy)
29. Photo: Wall Scene of Nubian Princes and Princesses Bringing Tribute to Tutankhamun (tomb of Huy)

NEW KINGDOM: AMARNA PERIOD AND FOLLOWING

1. Photo: Colossi of Memnon: Monumental statues of Amenhotep III, Qurnah, Western Thebes (during inundation pre-1962)
2. Photos: Stela of Amenhotep III (old) vs. Statue of Deified Amenhotep III Rejuvenated
3. Photo: Statue of Cult Image of Deified Amenhotep III (red quartzite), the "Dazzling Aten of All Lands" (Luxor Museum)
4. Photos: Statues of Akhenaten and Nefertiti (Cairo Museum and Louvre)
5. Photo: Carved Relief, Akhenaten and Nefertiti Offering Water Jars to the Aten, Followed by Daughter
6. Photos: Depictions of the Goddess Ma'at, "Truth"
7. Drawing: Scenes of Akhenaten and Nefertiti Driving Chariots (with troops), Tomb of Mahu, Akhetaten
8. Photo: Decorated Talatat-blocks from the Temple of the Aten at Karnak, reconstructed and assembled
9. Photo: Decorated Talatat-blocks from the Temple of the Aten at Karnak: preparing food offerings, making beer
10. Photo: Amarna Tablet no. 365: Letter of Biridiya, Prince of Megiddo, to the King of Egypt (expressing loyalty and cooperation)
11. Photo: Statuette of King Tutankhamun as the God Nefertem (Cairo Museum)
12. Photo: Wall Scene of Tutankhamun Enthroned Receiving Nubian Vassals (tomb of Huy)
13. Photo: Wall Scene of General Horemheb Receiving Gold of Valor (8 shebyu collars!) from king. Tomb of Horemheb, Saqqara
14. Drawing: Reconstruction of the Tombs of Horemheb, Maya and Tiya at Saqqara

NEW KINGDOM: DYNASTY 19

1. Photo: Seated Statue of Ramesses II, Luxor Temple
2. Photo: Mummy of Ramesses II (Cairo Museum)
3. Photo: Wall Relief, Great Egyptian-Hittite Peace Treaty (ca. 1258 BC), Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Karnak Temple of Amun-Ra
4. Drawing: Reconstruction of the City of Thebes (from South), reign of Ramesses II

BATTLE OF KADESH, TELL NEBI MEND (SYRIA)

1. Satellite Photo: Kadesh-Tell Nebi Mend, Syria
2. Satellite Photo 2023: Kadesh-Tell Nebi Mend, Syria (oblique from south)
3. Satellite Photo: Kadesh-Tell Nebi Mend, Syria (reconstructed oblique view from south)
4. Photo: Kadesh-Tell Nebi Mend, Syria (view of northeast slope before Syrian civil war)
5. Photo: Kadesh-Tell Nebi Mend, Syria (view of plain and Orontes River from mound to east--area where Hittite army hid)
6. Photo: Kadesh-Tell Nebi Mend, Syria (view of northwest slope before Syrian civil war)
7. Photo: Kadesh-Tell Nebi Mend, Syria (view of west slope before Syrian civil war)
8. Photo: Kadesh-Tell Nebi Mend, Syria (view of west slope-north after Syrian civil war)
9. Photo: Kadesh-Tell Nebi Mend, Syria (view of plain from mound to southwest--area of Egyptian camp)

10. Photo: Pylons and Entrance of Luxor Temple, Battle of Kadesh
11. Drawing: Reconstruction of Luxor Temple
12. Photo: Ramesseum, Temple of Ramesses II, 1st Pylon, Rear Face (West), Battle of Kadesh
13. Drawing: Reconstruction of Ramesseum Temple

14. Drawing: Battle of Kadesh, Ramesses II Camp Attacked (Luxor Temple, West Pylon, Rosellini)
15. Drawing: Battle of Kadesh, Ramesses II Camp Attacked (Ramesseum, First Pylon, Lepsius)
16. Drawing: Battle of Kadesh, Day 1 Battle (Luxor Temple, East Pylon, Champollion)
17. Drawing: Battle of Kadesh, Day 1 Battle (Ramesseum, Second Pylon, Lepsius)

1. Photo: First Pylon, Medinet Habu Temple of Ramesses III
2. Drawing: Reconstruction, First Pylon, Medinet Habu Temple, Dynasty 20
3. Drawing: Reconstruction of Medinet Habu Temple
4. Photo: Medinet Habu, View from Rear and Northern Outer Wall (Sea People Battle Reliefs)

5. Map: Invasion routes of the Sea People through the Near East
6. Chart/List: Who Were the Sea People?
7. Drawing: Egyptian land battle against the Sea People in Canaan
8. Photo: Relief of Egyptian naval battle against Sea People (Medinet Habu)
9. Drawing: Detail of Pelest Warriors (Philistines), Naval battle against the Sea People (Medinet Habu)
10. Drawing: Relief of Egyptian naval battle against Sea People (Medinet Habu)

11. Greek Literary Sources for the Trojan War
12. Drawing Elevation: Stratified Levels of Troy (Hisarlik)