Ancient Egypt and the Hittite Empire
A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

©2023. PETER A. PICCIONE

Entries in this bibliography are listed first by subject-heading then by author. They are limited, for the most part, to works in the English language. Click on any headings below to jump to them in the bibliography.

Table of Contents

0. Databases, Web-based Bibliographies and Lists of Downloadable Publications

I. General References and Encyclopedias:
a. Egypt and the Hittites

II. General Histories:
a. Near Eastern
b. Egypt
c. Hittites and Anatolia
d. Phoenicia and Cyprus
e. Syria, Palestine, and Canaan

III. Literature: Primary Texts and Anthologies:
a. Near Eastern
b. Egypt
c. Hittite and Anatolian
d. Syria, Palestine, and Canaan

IV. Literature: Literary and Synthetical Studies:
a. Egypt
b. Hittites and Western Asia

V. Language and the Origins of Writing:
a. Near Eastern
b. Egypt
c. Hittites

VI. Literacy and Education:
a. Egypt
c. Hittites

VII. Individual Historical Topics (incl. Warfare, Military and Historiography):
a. Egypt
b. Anatolia, Hittites and the Hurrians
c. Syria, Palestine, and Canaan
d. Warfare and Military History: Egypt (incl. Battle of Kadesh)
e. Warfare and Military History: Hittites

VIII. International Relations and Historiography:
a. International Relations: Egypt (incl. Amarna Letters)
b. International Relations: Egypt and Hittites (incl. Peace Treaties)
c. International Relations: Hittites and Western Asia
d. Bronze Age Collapse and Sea People Migrations
e. Egypt: Greek and Aegean Relations
f. Hittites: Greek and Aegean Relations (inc. Trojan War)

IX. Social History (Legal and Social Institutions, Daily Life):
a. Egypt
b. Hittites
c. Western Asia

X. Women: Social Status and Position:
a. Egypt
b. Hittites
c. Western Asia

XI. Economy and Economic Institutions:
a. Egypt
b. Hittites
c. Western Asia

XII. Egypt: King Akhenaten and the Amarna Period

XIII. Geography, Land, and Environment:
a. Near Eastern
b. Egypt
c. Mesopotamia

XIV. Art and Art History:
a. Near Eastern
b. Egypt
c. Mesopotamia

XV. Architecture and Archaeology:
a. Near Eastern
b. Egypt
c. Mesopotamia

XVI. Calendar and Chronological Issues:
a. Egypt

XVII. Egypt: Ethnology

XVIII. Religion and Magic:
a. Near Eastern
b. Hittites
c. Egypt
d. Mesopotamia
e. Syria, Palestine, and Canaan

XIX. Medical Science and Palaeopathology:
a. Egypt
b. Mesopotamia

XX. Astronomy, Engineering, Mathematics, Science and Technology:
a. Egypt
b. Mesopotamia

For a variety of essays on the topic of Egyptian, Hittite and Near Eastern history, society, culture, and archaeology, see Jack M.Sasson, editor. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Four volumes. New York, Scribner, 1995. (Located in the Reference Section of the campus library).


Citations List

0. Databases, Web-based Bibliographies and Lists of Downloadable Publications

Abzu: A Guide to Information Related to the Study of the Ancient Near East on the Web. N.B.: You can use the search engine in Abzu to texts and resources.

College of Charleston Libraries. A-Z Databases. Includes, e.g.: Academic OneFile, Academic Search Complete, JStor, Project Muse, Oxford Reference, Proquest, etc.. (College of Charleston login required)

Cambridge University Fitzwilliam Museum. Egyptology Books and Articles in PDF Online . (Free download or links to web pages of over 5,137 books and articles available online).

Egyptologists' Electronic Forum. Digitized Collections of Ancient Egyptian Source Texts. Free download from compilation of Egyptological publications of primary sources and inscriptions on line.

Egyptologists' Electronic Forum. E-Journals and Digitized Paper Periodicals (Egyptology). (Free download from digital journals and periodicals with Egyptological content).

Egyptologists' Electronic Forum. Egyptological Book Series Online. (Free download from compilation of Egyptological books and series on line).

Giza Archives. Giza Digital Library: Complete Giza Publications List. (Free download of publications from comprehensive online library for the Giza Necropolis).

Griffith Institute. The Digital Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Statues, Reliefs and Paintings. Global search of all volumes. (Free download of individual volumes):
I/1. Theban Necropolis. Private Tombs (1960)
I/2. Theban Necropolis. Royal Tombs & Smaller Cemeteries (1964)
II. Theban Temples (1972)
III/1. Memphis. Abu Rawash to Abusir (1974)
III/2. Memphis. Saqqara to Dahshur (1981)
IV. Lower and Middle Egypt (1934)
V. Upper Egypt. Sites (1937)
VI. Upper Egypt. Chief Temples
VII. Nubia, The Deserts and Outside Egypt (1952)
VIII. Objects of Provenance Unknown (in progress)
The Topographical Bibliography is a bibliographical catalogue of most scenes, depictions, representations, and inscriptions portrayed on the walls of Egyptian tombs, temples, shrines, on stelae, and in other decorative media throughout Egypt (listed geographically). Importantly, it contains the bibliographical citations of where these myriad scenes and representations are published and accessible for viewing and study. The volumes are famous for their indices that catalogue and categorize these many scenes by type. Objects are also recorded according to their archaeological sites (provenience), often with their current museum locations and registration numbers. Objects in museums but without provenience are also catalogued. It is one of the most important tools that the Egyptologist uses for research.
Meretseger Books. Digitized Treasures (free eBooks). (Free download of older collectible Egyptological publications, many from 19th and early 20th centuries, or rare collectors' items).

Online Egyptological Bibliography (OEB). The largest searchable database of publications, references, and citations in Egyptological literature from 1822-present. Includes download of citations and most abstracts in English, French or German, but not full text! (College of Charleston login required).

The Oriental Institute. Archives: Search Research Archives of The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago. (Search library holdings of The Oriental Institute including >1,000,000 books, journal articles, maps, photos, drawings, museum objects & registries across ancient Egypt & the Near East).

The Oriental Institute. "Catalog of Publications: Egyptian Civilization." The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago. (Free download of all Oriental Institute publications on Egypt since 1922).

The Oriental Institute. "Catalog of Publications: Nubian Civilization." The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago. (Free download of all Oriental Institute publications on ancient Nubia since 1967).

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, ed. D. B. Redford. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Oxford Reference Online. (College of Charleston login required).

Proquest. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (Free download of doctoral dissertations and theses from U.S. and international universities. Full text, pdf-files. College of Charleston login required).

UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. UCLA Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures. https://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_uee.


I. General References and Encyclopedias:

a. Egypt and The Hittites

Baines, J. and Malek, J. Atlas of Ancient Egypt. New York: Facts on File, 1980.

Bard, K., editor. Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London and New York: Routledge, 199.

Burney, C., editor. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites. Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras, no. 14. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2004.

Cambridge Ancient History. Eight volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Volume 1, part 1, Prolegomena and Prehistory, ed. I. E. S. Edwards et al. 1970.
Volume 1, part 2, Early History of the Middle East, ed. I. E. S. Edwards et al. 1971.
Volume 2, part 1, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1800-1380 B.C., ed. I. E. S. Edwards et al. 1973.
Volume 2, part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1380-1000 B.C., ed. I. E. S. Edwards et al. 1975.
Volume 3, part 1, The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean World, tenth to eight centuries B.C., ed. J. Boardman et al. 1982.
Volume 3, part 2, The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C., ed. J. Boardman et al. 1991.

Cambridge History of Africa. Eight volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Volume 1, From the Earliest Times to c. 500 B.C., ed. J. D. Clark. 1982.
Volume 2, From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050, ed. J. D. Fage. 1978.

Dawson, W. R and E. P. Uphill. Who Was Who in Egyptology. Third edition, revised by M. L. Bierbrier. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1995.

Freedman, D. N., editor, The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Six volumes. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Lexikon der Ägyptologie, eds. Helck, W., E. Otto and W. Westendorf. Seven volumes. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1975-1989. (This is the professionals' encyclopedia of ancient Egypt. Some articles are in English, while others are in German or French. Use German and French dictionaries to look up foreign words. Even if you do not read German or French, all articles contain highly useful bibliographies.)

Manley, Bill. The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt. London: Penguin Books, 1996.

Meyers, Eric M., editor. Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East. Five volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.. (College of Charleston login required).

Redford, D. B. Pharaonic Kinglists, Annals and Day-Books: A Contribution to the Study of the Egyptian Sense of History. Mississauga: Benben Publications, 1986.

Redford, Donald B., editor. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, ed. D. B. Redford. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, 2005. Oxford Reference Online. (College of Charleston login required).

Roaf, Michael. Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. New York: Facts on File, 1990.

Sasson, Jack M., editor. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Four volumes. New York: Scribner, 1995 onward. Gale In Context: World History, 1995-Current. (College of Charleston login required).


II. General Histories

a. Near Eastern

Childe, V. G. What Happened in History. Harmondsworth, 1954.

Ehrich, R. W., editor. Chronologies in Old World Archaeology. 3rd ed., rev. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Kuhrt, A. The Ancient Near East. Two volumes. Routledge History of the Ancient World. London and New York: Routledge, 1995.

Kupper, J. R. "Northern Mesopotamia and Syria." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 1. Cambridge, 1973. Pp. 1-41.

Manning, S. W. A Test of Time. Oxford, 1999.

Mieroop van de, M. A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 B.C. Oxford, 2004.

Munn-Rankin, J. M. "Assyrian Military Power 1300-1200 B.C." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 274-306.

Roaf, Michael. Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. New York: Facts on File, 1990.

Roux, Georges. Ancient Iraq. 3rd edition. New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1992.

Saggs, H. W. F. Civilization before Greece and Rome. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1989.

Sandars, N. K. The Sea Peoples. London, 1985.

Sasson, Jack M., editor. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Four volumes. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Snell, D. C. Life in the Ancient Near East. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997.

Westenholz, J. G. Legends of the Kings of Akkade. Winona Lake, 1997.


b. Egypt

Aldred, C. The Egyptians. Third edition, revised by A. Dodson. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998.

Bagnall, R. S. Egypt in Late Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Baines, J. and Malek, J. Atlas of Ancient Egypt. New York: Facts on File, 1980.

Bard, K. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Oxford and Boston: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.

Barnett, R. D. "The Sea Peoples." In Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 359-378.

Bierbrier, M. L. The Late New Kingdom in Egypt (c. 1300-664 B.C.): A Genealogical and Chronological Investigation. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1975.

Bowman, A. K. Egypt after the Pharaohs. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986.

Brewer, D. J. and E. Teeter. Egypt and the Egyptians. Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

David, R. Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Emery, W. B. Archaic Egypt. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1961.

Faulkner, R. O. "Egypt: From the Inception of the Nineteenth Dynasty to the Death of Ramesses III." In Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 217-251.

Grimal, N. A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992.

Harris, J. R., editor. The Legacy of Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Hayes, W. C. The Scepter of Egypt. 2 volumes. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1953, 1959.

Hornung, E. History of Ancient Egypt: An Introduction. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999.

Ikram, S. Ancient Egypt: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

James, T. G. H. Pharaoh's People: Scenes from Life in Imperial Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Kemp, B. Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. London: Routledge, 1989.

Kitchen, K. A. The Egyptian Nineteenth Dynasty. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1977.

Kitchen, K. A. Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Ltd., 1982.

Kitchen, K. A. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 B.C.). Second edition, revised, with Supplement. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Ltd., 1986.

Mysliwiec, K. The Twilight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium B.C.E. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000.

Thompson, D. J. Memphis under the Ptolemies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.

Shaw, I., editor. Oxford history of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Trigger, B. G., Kemp, B. J., O' Connor, D., Lloyd, A. B. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1983.


c. Hittites and Anatolia

Barnett, R. D. "Phrygia and the Peoples of Anatolia in the Iron Age." In Cambridge Ancient History . Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 417-442.

Bittel, K. Hattusha, the Capital of the Hittites. Oxford and New York, 1970.

Bryce, T. R. The Kingdom of the Hittites. First edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, First edition, 1998. Second edition, 2005.

Bryce, T. R. Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford, 2002.

Bryce, T. R. The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Collins, B. J. The Hittites and Their World. Archaeology and Biblical Studies Series. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2007.

Goetze, A. "Anatolia from Shuppiluliumash to the Egyptian War of Muwatallish." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 117-29.

Goetze, A. "The Hittites and Syria." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 252-73.

Goetze, A. "State and Society of the Hittites." In Neuere Hethiterforschung, Historia, Einzelschriften 7. Wiesbaden,1964. Pp. 23-33

Gurney, O. R. "Anatolia c. 1600-1380 B.C." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 1. Cambridge, 1973. Pp. 659-85.

Gurney, O. R. "Anatolia c. 1750-1600 B.C." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 228-55.

Gurney, O. R. The Hittites. Second edition, revised. London: Viking-Penguin Books, 1990.

Lewy, H. "Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Period." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 1, part 2. Cambridge, 1971. Pp. 707-28.

Lloyd, S. Ancient Turkey. London, 1989.

Macqueen, J. G. "The History of Anatolia and of the Hittite Empire." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1085-1105. Volume 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995.

Macqueen, J. G. The Hittites and Their Contemporaries in Asia Minor. Revised edition, enlarged. New York and London: Thames and Hudson, 1996.

McMahon, G. "The History of the Hittites." Biblical Archaeologist 52 (1989): 62-77.

Melchert, H. C. The Luwians. Handbuch der Orientalistik 1/68. Leiden: Brill, 2003.

Mellaart, J. "Anatolia c. 2300-1750 B.C." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 1, part 2. Cambridge, 1971. Pp. 681-706.

Mellaart, J. "Anatolia c. 4000-2300 B.C." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 1, part 2. Cambridge, 1971. Pp. 363-416.


d. Phoenicia and Cyprus

Albright, W. F. "Syria, the Philistines, and Phoenicia." In Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 507-36.

Aubet, María E. The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies, and Trade, trans. Mary Turton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Casson, Stanley. Ancient Cyprus: Its Art and Archaeology. Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1970.

Drower, M. S. "Ugarit." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp.130-160.

Goetze, A. "The Struggle for the Domination of Syria (1400-1300 B.C.)." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 1-20.

Harden, Donald B. The Phoenicians. New York: Praeger, 1962.

Herm, Gerhard. The Phoenicians: The Purple Empire of the Ancient World, trans. Caroline Hillier. New York: Morrow, 1975.

Karageorghis, Vassos. Kition: Mycenaean and Phoenician Discoveries in Cyprus. London: Thames and Hudson, 1976.

Karageorghis, Vassos. View from the Bronze Age: Mycenaean and Phoenician Discoveries at Kition. New York: Dutton, 1976.

Mitford, Terence B. The Inscriptions of Kourion. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1971.

Moscati, Sabatino. The World of the Phoenicians, trans. Alastair Hamilton. New York: Praeger, 1968.

Singer, I. "A Political History of Ugarit." in Handbook of Ugaritic Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik. Abt. 1, Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten. Volume 39, eds. W. G. E. Watson and N. Wyatt, 603-733. Leiden: Brill, 1999.


e. Syria, Palestine, and Canaan

Curtis, Adrian. Ugarit (Ras Shamra). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Pub. Co., 1985.

Dothan, T. The Philistines and Their Material Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.

Dothan, T. and Dothan, M. The Peoples of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines. New York: Macmillan, 1992.

Pettinato, G. Ebla: A New Look at History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

Gray, John. The Canaanites. New York: Praeger, 1965.

Kenyon, Kathleen M. Amorites and Canaanites. London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1966.

Klengel, H. Syria 3000-300 B.C. Berlin, 1992.

Matthiae, Paolo. Ebla: An Empire Rediscovered. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981.

Milano, C. "Ebla: A Third Millennium City-State in Ancient Syria." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1219-1231. Volume 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Pettinato, Giovanni. The Archives of Ebla: An Empire Inscribed in Clay. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981.


III. Literature: Primary Texts and Anthologies

a. Near Eastern

Hallo, W. H., and K. L. Younger, editors. The Context of Scripture. Three volumes. Leiden: Brill, 1997-2002. Volume 1, Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World (1997). Volume 2, Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World (2001). Volume 3, Archival Documents from the Biblical World (2002).

Pritchard, J. B., editor. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Related to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. with Supplement. Princeton. Princeton University Press, 1950, 1955, 1969.

Rainey, A. et al. The el-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of el-Amarna Based on Collations of All Extant Tablets. Handbuch der Orientalistik 110. Leiden: Brill, 2015.


b. Egypt

Allen, J. P. The Heqanakht Papyri. Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition 27. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002.

Baer, Klaus. "An Eleventh Dynasty Farmer"s Letters to His Family." Journal of the American Oriental Society 83 (1963): 1-19.

Boorn, G. P. F. van den. The Duties of the Vizier: Civil Administration in the Early New Kingdom. London: Kegan Paul International Limited, 1988.

Breasted, J. H. Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest. Five volumes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906. Reprinted, with Introduction by Peter A. Piccione. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2001.

Caminos, R. A. Late Egyptian Miscellanies. London: Oxford University Press, 1954.

Collier, M and Quirke, S. The UCL Lahun Papyri: Letters. BAR International Series 1083. London: Archaeopress, 2002.

Collier, M and Quirke, S. The UCL Lahun Papyri: Religious, Literary, Legal, Mathematical and Medical. BAR International Series 1209. London: Archaeopress, 2004.

Condon, V. Seven Royal Hymns of the Ramesside Period. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 37. Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1978.

Cumming, B., translator. Egyptian Historical Records of the Later Eighteenth Dynasty. From the Original Hieroglyphic Text as Published in W. Helck, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie. Fascicles 1-3. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, Ltd. 1982, 1984.

Davies, B. G. Egyptian Historical Inscriptions of the Nineteenth Dynasty. Documenta Mundi, Aegyptiaca 2. Coronet Books, 1997.

Davies, B. G., translator. Egyptian Historical Records of the Later Eighteenth Dynasty. Translated from W. Helck, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie. Fascicles 4-6. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, Ltd. 1992, 1994, 1995.

Demaré, R. J. Ramesside Ostraca. Volume 2. London: British Museum Press 2002.

Edgerton, W. F. "The Nauri Decree of Seti I: A Translation and Analysis of the Legal Portion." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6 (1947): 219-30.

Edgerton, W. F. and Wilson, J. A. The Historical Records of Ramses III: The Texts in Medinet Habu Volumes I and II. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 12. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936.

Foster, J. L. Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology. Austin: University of texas Press, 2001.

Foster, J. L. Echoes of Egyptian Voices: An Anthology of Ancient Egyptian Poetry. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.

Foster, J. L. Hymns, Prayers and Songs: An Anthology of Egyptian Lyric Poetry. Society of Biblical Literature Writings from the Ancient World Series. Volume 8. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995.

Frood, E. Biographical Texts from Ramessid Egypt. Writings from the Ancient World 26. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2007.

Gardiner, A. H. Ancient Egyptian Onomastica. Three volumes. London: Oxford University Press, 1947. Reprinted 1968.

Gardiner, A. H. The Wilbour Papyrus. 4 volumes. Brooklyn: Brooklyn Museum, 1941-1952. Volume 1, Plates (1941). Volume 2, Commentary (1948). Volume 3, Translation (1948). Volume 4, Index, ed. R. O. Faulkner (1952).

Goedicke, Hans, editor. Studies in the Hekanakhte Papers. Baltimore: Halgo, Inc., 1984.

James, T. G. H. The Hekanakhte Papers and Other Early Middle Kingdom Documents. Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition 29. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1962.

Janssen, J. J. Catalogue of Late Ramesside Letters. Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum. London: British Museum Press, 1991.

Janssen, J. J. Grain Transport in the Ramesside Period: Papyrus Baldwin and Papyrus Amiens. Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum. London: British Museum Press, 2004.

Janssen, J. J. Two Ancient Egyptian Ship's Logs. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1961.

Kitchen, K. A. Poetry of Ancient Egypt. Documenta Mundi, Aegyptiaca 1. Jonsered: P. Aströms, 1999.

Kitchen, K. A. Ramesside Inscriptions: Translated and Annotated, Notes and Comments. Volume 1, Ramesses I, Sethos I and Contemporaries. Volume 2, Ramesses II, Royal Inscriptions. Volume 3, Ramesses II, His Contemporaries. Volume 4, Merenptah & the Late Nineteenth Dynasty. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1994, 1996.

Leitz, C. Magical and Medical Papyri of the New Kingdom. Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum. Volume 7. London: The British Museum Press, 1999.

Lichtheim, M. Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings. Volume 1, The Old and Middle Kingdoms. Volume 2, The New Kingdom. Volume 3, The Late Period. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1975, 1976, 1980.

Manassa, C. The Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah: Grand Stratregy in the 13th Century BC. Yale Egyptological Studies 5. New Haven: Yale University, 2003.

McDowell, A. G. Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Moran, W. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

Murnane, W. J. Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt. SBL Writings from The Ancient World 5. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995.

Omlin, J. A. Der Papyrus 55001 und seine satirisch-erotischen Zeichnungen und Inschriften. Catalogo. Serie 1: Monumenti e Testi 3. Turin: Edizione d'Arte Fratelli Pozzo, 1973.

Parkinson, R. B. Poetry and Culture in Middle Kingdom Egypt: A Dark Side to Perfection. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002.

Parkinson, R. B. Voices from Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Middle Kingdom Writings. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, c1991.

Peden, A. J. Egyptian Historical Inscriptions of the Twentieth Dynasty. Documenta Mundi, Aegyptiaca 3. Paul Aströms, 1994.

Peden, A. J. The Graffiti of Pharaonic Egypt: Scope and Roles of Informal Writings (c.3100-332 BC). Probleme der Ägyptologie 17. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2001.

Peet, T. E. The Great Tomb-robberies of the Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty. Reprinted, Hildesheim: Olms, 1977.

Pestman, P. W. Marriage and Matrimonial Property in Ancient Egypt: A Contribution to Establishing the Legal Position of the Woman. Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava 9. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1961.

Quirke, S. Egyptian Literature 1800 BC: Questions and Readings. Rev ed. Golden House Publications Egyptology 2. Golden House Publications, 2004.

Rainey, A. et al. The el-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of el-Amarna Based on Collations of All Extant Tablets. Handbuch der Orientalistik 110. Leiden: Brill, 2015.

Simpson, W. K., editor. The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, and Poetry. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972.

Simpson, W. K., editor. The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry. Third edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003.

Smith, H. S. and Smith A. "The Kamose Texts." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 103 (1976): 59-62.

Strudwick; N. C. Texts from the Pyramid Age. Writings from the Ancient World 16. Atlanta: Society for Biblical Literature, 2005.

Wente, E. F. Late Ramesside Letters. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 33. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1967.

Wente, E. F. Letters from Ancient Egypt, edited by E. Meltzer. Society of Biblical Literature Writings from the Ancient World. Vol. 1. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990.

Wilkinson, T. A. H. Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt: The Palermo Stone and its Associated Fragments. Kegan Paul, 2000.


c. Hittite and Anatolian

Beckman, G. Hittite Diplomatic Texts, ed. H. A. Hoffner. Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1996.

Beckman, G. "New Joins to Hittite Treaties." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 87 (1997): 96-100.

Bryce, T. R. Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East. London, 2003.

Bryce, T. R. The Major Historical Texts of Early Hittite History. Brisbane, 1983.

Chavalas, Mark, editor. The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006.

Dalley, S. Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Revised edition. Oxford World's Classics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Easton, D. F. "Hittite Land Donations and Tabarna Seals." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 33 (1981): 3-43.

Eidem, J. The Shemshara Archives. Two volumes. Copenhagen, 1992.

Foster, Benjamin R. Before The Muses: An Anthology Of Akkadian Literature. Third edition. Two volumes. Bethesda: CDL Press, 2005.

Foster, Benjamin R. From Distant Days: Myths, Tales, and Poetry of Ancient Mesopotamia. Bethesda: CDL Press, 1995. [J3953.F67 1995]

George, A. The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1999.

Goetze, A. "A New Letter from Ramesses to Hattusilis." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 1 (1947): 241-52.

Gurney, O. R. "The Hittite Prayers of Mursili II." LAAA 27, 1940.

Güterbock, H. G. "The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as told by his Son, Mursili II." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 10 (1956): 41-68, 75-98, 101-30.

Hawkins, J. David. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Volume 1, Inscriptions of the Iron Age. Three parts. Studies in Indo-European Language and Culture 8. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2000.

Hawkins, J. D. "The New Inscription from the Sudburg of Bogazkoy-Hattusa." AA (1990): 305-14.

Hoffner, Harry. A. Hittite Myths, ed. G. M. Beckman. Second edition. Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1991.

Hoffner, Harry. A. The Laws of the Hittites: A Critical Edition. Documenta Et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 23. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 1997.

Hooker, J. T. Records of the Early Hittite Empire. Istanbul, 1970.

Kovacs, Maureen G. The Epic of Gilgamesh. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989. [PJ3771.G5 E5 1989]

Moran, William. L. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. [PJ3886.E5 M67 1992]

Oppenheim, A. Leo. Letters from Mesopotamia: Official, Business, and Private Letters on Clay Tablets from Two Millennia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967. [DS71.O7]

Roth, Martha. Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. Writings from the Ancient World 6. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1995.

Sandars, Nancy. K. The Epic of Gilgamesh. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972. PJ3771. [G5 E5 1972]

Singer, Itmar. Hittite Prayers, ed. Hoffner, H. A. Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002.


d. Syria, Palestine, and Canaan

Coogan, M. D., trans. Stories from Ancient Canaan. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978.

Nissinen, M. Prophets and Prophecy in the Ancient Near East, ed. P. Machinist. Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003.

Pardee, Dennis. Ritual and Cult at Ugarit. Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002.

Parker, S. B., ed. Ugaritic Narrative Poetry. Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1997.

Pettinato, Giovanni. The Archives of Ebla: An Empire Inscribed in Clay. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981. DS99 E25 P47313

Watkins, C. Cuneiform Inscriptions in the Collection of the Bible Lands Museum. Jerusalem: The Emar Tablets. Groningen, 2000.

Wiseman, D. J. The Alalakh Tablets. London, 1953.


IV. Literature: Literary and Synthetical Studies

a. Egypt

Loprieno, Antonio, ed. Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms. Probleme der Aegyptologie 10. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 1996.

Posener, Georges. "Literature." Chapter in The Legacy of Egypt, edited by J. R. Harris, pp. 220-56. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Spalinger, A. J. "Datings of the Kadesh Reliefs." In Five Views on Egypt. Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 6, eds. F. Kammerzell and G. Moers, 137-56. Göttingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie, 2006.


b. Hittites and Western Asia

Archi, A. "The Propaganda of Hattusilis III." SMEA 14 (1971): 185-215.

Beckman, G. "Plague Prayers of Mursili II." In The Context of Scripture. Volume 1, Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World, eds. W.W. Hallo and K. L. Younger, 156-60. Leiden, New York, and Cologne, 1997.

Beckman, G. "The Siege of Ursu Text (CTH 7) and Old Hittite Historiography." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 47 (1995): 23-34.

Bryce, T.R. The Lycians in Literary and Epigraphic Sources. Copenhagen, 1986.

Donbaz, V. Some Remarkable Contracts of 1-B Period Kultepe Tablets." In Anatolia and the Near East (Tahsin Ozguce Armagan). Studies in Honour of Tahsin Ozguc, ed. K. Emre, B. Hrouda, M. J. Mellink, and N. Ozguc, 75-98. Ankara, 1989.

Goetze, A. "A New Letter from Ramesses to Hattusilis." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 1 (1947): 241-52.

Greenfield, E. L. "Autobiographies in Ancient Western Asia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 2421-32. Volume 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995.

Gurney, O. R. "The Hittite Prayers of Mursili II." LAAA 27, 1940.

Güterbock, H. G. "The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as told by his Son, Mursili II." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 10 (1956): 41-68, 75-98, 101-30.

Güterbock, H. G. "Kanesh and Nesa: Two Forms of One Anatolian Place Name?" Eretz-Israel 5 (1958): 46-50.

Güterbock, H. G. "Lexicographical Notes III." RHA 25 (1967): 141-50.

Güterbock, H. G. "A View of Hittite Literature." Journal of the American Oriental Society 84 (1964): 107-15.

Hawkins, J. D. The Inscriptions of the Kizildag and the Karadagin the Light of the Yalburt Inscription." In Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Sedat Alp, eds. Otten, H., Akurgal, E., Ertem, H., and Suel, A., 259-75. Ankara, 1992.

Herbordt, S. "Hittite Seals and Sealings from the Nisantepe Archive, Bogazkoy: a Prosopographical Study." In Recent Developments in Hittite Archaeology and History, Papers in Memory of Hans G. Güterbock, eds. Yener, K. A. and Hoffner, H. A., 53-60. Winona Lake, 2002.

Hooker, J. T. "Another View of Hittite Literature." In Anatolia Antica. Studi in Memoria di Fiorella Imparati , ed. S. de Martino and F. Pecchioli Daddi, 857-78. Florence, 2002.

Imparati, F. "Apology of Hattusili III or Designation of his Successor?" In Studio Historiae Ardens, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, ed. T. van den Hout and J. de Roos, 143-57. Istanbul, 1995.

Izre'el, S. and Singer, I. The General's Letter from Ugarit. Tel Aviv, 1990.

Kempinski, A. and Kosack, S. "CTH 13: The Extensive Annals of Hattusili I (?)." Tel Aviv 9 (1982): 87-116.

Roos, J. de. "KBo 33-216: a Votive Text of Tuthalias IV." JAC 4 (1989): 39-48.

Roos, J. de. "Rhetoric in the S.C. Testament of Hattusilis I." In Veenhof Anniversary Volume: Studies presented to Klaas R. Veenhof on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday, ed. W. H. van Soldt, 401-6. Leiden, 2001.

ten Cate, Houwink. "The Bronze Tablet of Tudhaliyas IV and its Geographical and Historical Relations." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 82 (1992): 233-70.

ten Cate, Houwink. "Mursilis" Northwestern Campaigns--A Commentary." Anatolica 1 (1967): 44-61.

ten Cate, Houwink. "Mursilis" Northwestern Campaigns--Additional Fragments of his Comprehensive Annals Concerning the Nerik Foundation." In Florilegium Anatolicum. Melanges offerts a` Emmanuel Laroche, 157-67. Paris, 1979.

ten Cate, Houwink. "The Mashuiluwa Affair: a Join (KBo XIX 46), and a Duplicate (KBo IX 77), to Mursilis's Comprehensive Annals (12th year of his reign)." In Studia Mediterranea Piero Meriggi Dicata, ed. O. Carruba, 267-92, Pavia,1979.

ten Cate, Houwink. "A New Fragment of the 'Deeds of Suppiluliuma as told by his Son Mursili II'." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 25 (1966): 27-31.

Tigay, J. H. The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic. Philadelphia, 1982.

Tinney, S. "The Power of Narrative in Hittite Literature." Biblical Archaeologist 52 (1989): 130-43.

Westbrook, R. and Woodard, R. "The Edict of Tudhaliya IV." Journal of the American Oriental Society 110 (1990): 641-59.


V. Language and the Origins of Writing

a. Near Eastern

Chiera, Edward. They Wrote on Clay: the Babylonian Tablets Speak Today, ed. George G. Cameron. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, c. 1966.

Claiborne, Robert. The Birth of Writing. The Emergence of Man Series. Alexandria, Virginia: Time Life Books: 1974.

Gelb, Ignace J. A Study of Writing. Revised edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

Izre'el, S. Amurru Akkadian: A Linguistic Study. Atlanta, 1991.

Izre'el, S. "The General's Letter: Philological and Linguistic Aspects." In The General's Letter from Ugarit: A Linguistic and Historical Reevaluation of RS 20.33, ed. S. Izre'el and I. Singer, 17-111. Tel Aviv, 1990.

Nissen, Hans J. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East, trans. Paul Larsen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

Pardee, D. "A New Ugaritic Letter." Bibliotheca Orientalis 34 (1977): 3-20.

Walker, C.B.F. Cuneiform: Reading the Past. University of California Press: Berkeley, California, 1987.

Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. Before Writing. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992.

Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. How Writing Came About. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996.(an abridged edition of Before Writing, vol. 1, From Counting to Cuneiform.

Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, "Record Keeping before Writing." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 2097-2107. Volume 4. New York: Scribner, 1995 onward.


b. Egypt

Caminos, R. A. Late Egyptian Miscellanies. London: Oxford University Press, 1954.

Cerný, J. "Language and Writing." Chapter in The Legacy of Egypt, edited by J. R. Harris, pp. 197-219. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Davies, W. V. Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Reading the Past, vol. 6. Berkeley: University of California Press and the British Museum, 1987.

Encyclopedia Britannica. 16th edition, 1991. S.v. "Languages of the World: Hamito-Semitic Languages." by I. M. Diakonoff.

Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th edition, 1974. S.v. "Hamito-Semitic Languages," by I. M. Diakonoff.

Fischer, H. G., "Archaeological Aspects of Epigraphy and Palaeography." In Ancient Egyptian Epigraphy and Palaeography. 2d ed., rev., 29-50. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Gardiner, A. H. Introduction to Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed., rev. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969. 5-10.

Iversen, E. "The Hieroglyphic Tradition." Chapter in The Legacy of Egypt, edited by J. R. Harris, pp. 170-96. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Ray, J. D. "The Emergence of Writing in Egypt." World Archaeology 17 (1986): 307-16.


c. Hittites

Barnett, R. D. "Karatepe, the Key to the Hittite Hieroglyphs." Anatolian Studies 3 (1953): 53-95.

Beckman, G. "The Hittite Language and its Decipherment." Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 31 (1996): 23-30.

Cambel, H. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Volume 2, Karatepe-Aslantas. Berlin and New York, 1999.

Drews, R. Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite Language Family. Journal of the Israel Exploration Society Monograph Series 38. Washington, D.C., 2001.

Hawkins, J. D. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Volume 1, Inscriptions of the Iron Age. Berlin and New York, 2000.

Hawkins, J. D. The Hieroglyphic Inscription of the Sacred Pool Complex at Hattusa (Sudburg) . Wiesbaden, 1995.

Hawkins, J. D. "A Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscription on a Silver Bowl in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara." Anadolu Medeniyetleri Musezi, Yillig?i. Ankara, 1997.

Hawkins, J. D. "Scripts and Texts." In The Luwians, ed. H. C. Melchert, 128-69. Handbuch der Orientalistik 68. Leiden, 2003.

Hawkins, J. D. and Easton, D. F. "A Hieroglyphic Seal from Troy." Studia Troica 6 (1996): 111-18.

Hawkins, J. D. and Morpurgo-Davies, A. "On the Problems of Karatepe: the Hieroglyphic Text." Anatolian Studies 28 (1978): 103-19.

Hawkins, J. D. "Studies in Hieroglyphic Luwian." In Kanissuwar: A Tribute to Hans G. Guterbock on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday, ed. H. A. Hoffner and G. M. Beckman, 69-81. Chicago, 1986.

Kosak, S. "Dating of Hittite Texts: a Test." Anatolian Studies 30 (1980): 31-9.

Lehrman, A. "Reconstructing Proto-Indo-Hittite." In Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite Language Family. Journal of the Israel Exploration Society Monograph Series 38, ed. R. Drews, 106-130. Washington, D.C., 2001.

Tinney, S. Hittite and Hurrian Cuneiform Tablets from Ortakoy (Corum). Istanbul, 1989.

Veenhof, K. R. "Cuneiform Archives." In Cuneiform Archives and Libraries. Proceedings of the 30th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Leiden, 1983. Leiden, 1986. Pp. 1-36.


VI. Literacy and Education

a. Egypt

Baines, J. "Literacy and Ancient Egyptian Society." Man n.s. 18 (1983): 572-99.

Baines, J. "Literacy, Social Organization, and the Archaeological Record: The Case of Early Egypt." In State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization. One World Archaeology 4. London and New York: Routledge, 1995.

Baines, J. and Eyre, C. "Four Notes on Literacy." Göttinger Miszellen 61 (1983): 65-96.

Bryan, B. "The Evidence for Female Literacy from Theban Tombs of the New Kingdom." Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 6 (1984): 17-32.

Ray, J. D. "The Emergence of Writing in Egypt." World Archaeology 17 (1986): 307-16.

Williams, R. J. "Scribal Training in Ancient Egypt." Journal of the American Oriental Society 92 (1972): 214-21.


b. Hittites

Beckman, G. "Mesopotamians and Mesopotamian Learning at Hattusa." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 35 (1983): 97-114.

Pedersen, O. Archives and Libraries in the Ancient Near East. Bethesda, 1998.


VII. Individual Historical Topics (incl. Warfare, Military and Historiography)

Egypt

Aldred, Cyril. Egypt to the End of the Old Kingdom. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1965.

Altenmüller, H. and Moussa A. "Die Inschrift Amenemhets II. aus dem Ptah-Tempel von Memphis: Ein Vorbericht." Studien zur altägyptischen Kultur 18 (1991): 1-48.

Bryan, Betsy M. The Reign of Thutmose IV. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

Dawson, W. R and E. P. Uphill. Who Was Who in Egyptology. Third edition, revised by M. L. Bierbrier. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1995.

Faulkner, R. O. "Egypt: From the Inception of the Nineteenth Dynasty to the Death of Ramesses III." In Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 217-251.

Gardiner, A. H. The Royal Canon of Turin. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Griffith Institute, 1959.

Leprohon, R. "Royal Ideology and State Administration in Pharaonic Egypt," in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 273-288. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Malek, Jaromir. "The Annals of Amenemhet II." Egyptian Archaeology 2 (1992): 18.

Murnane, W. J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 40. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1977.

O'Connor, David B. and Cline, Eric H., editors. Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan Press, 1997.

Oren, E., editor. The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives. University Museum Monograph 96. University Museum Symposium Series 8. Philadelphia: The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, 1997.

Redford, D. B. Pharaonic Kinglists, Annals and Day-Books: A Contribution to the Study of the Egyptian Sense of History. Mississauga: Benben Publications, 1986.


b. Anatolia, Hittites and Hurrians

Akurgal, E. "Are the Ritual Standards of Alacahoyuk Royal Symbols of the Hattian or the Hittite Kings?" In Anatolia and the Near East (Tahsin Ozgüce Armagan). Studies in Honour of Tahsin Ozgüc, ed. K. Emre, B. Hrouda, M. J. Mellink, and N. Ozguc, 1-2. Ankara, 1989.

Archi, A. "Middle Hittite--Middle Kingdom." In Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr., eds. G. Beckman, R. Beal, and G. McMahon, 1-12. Winona Lake, 2003.

Archi, A. "The Propaganda of Hattusilis III." SMEA 14 (1971): 185-215.

Astour, M. C. "Hattusilis, Halab, and Hanigalbat." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 31 (1972): 102-9.

Barnett, R. D. "Phrygia and the Peoples of Anatolia in the Iron Age." In Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 417-442.

Bartl, K. "Some Remarks on Early Iron Age in Eastern Anatolia." Anatolica 21 (1995): 205-212.

Beal, R. "The Predecessors of Hattusili I." In Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr., eds. G. Beckman, R. Beal, and G. McMahon. Winona Lake, 2003.

Beal, R. "Studies in Hittite History." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 35 (1983): 115-26.

Beckman, G. "The Hittite Assembly." Journal of the American Oriental Society 102.3 (1982): 435-42.

Beckman, G. Hittite Diplomatic Texts, edited by H. A. Hoffner. Society of Biblical Literature Writings from the Ancient World Series. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1996.

Beckman, G. "Royal Ideology and State Administration in Hittite Anatolia," in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 529-544. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Bittel, K. Hattusha, the Capital of the Hittites. Oxford and New York, 1970.

Beckman, G. "Inheritance and Royal Succession Among the Hittites." In Kanissuwar: A Tribute to Hans G. Güterbock on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday, ed. H. A. Hoffner and G. M. Beckman, 13-31. Chicago, 1986.

Beckman, G. "Plague Prayers of Mursili II." In The Context of Scripture. Volume 1, Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World, eds. W.W. Hallo and K. L. Younger, 156-60. Leiden, New York, and Cologne, 1997.

Beckman, G. "Royal Ideology and State Administration in Hittite Anatolia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 529-43. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995.

Beckman, G., R. Beal, and G. McMahon, editors. Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. Winona Lake, 2003.

Bin-Nun, S. R. "The Anatolian Background of the Tawananna's Position in the Hittite Kingdom." RHA 30 (1972): 54-80.

Bin-Nun, S. R. "Who was Tahurwaili, the Great Hittite King?" Journal of Cuneiform Studies 26 (1974): 112-20.

Bin-Nun, S. R. The Tawananna in the Hittite Kingdom. Heidelberg, 1975.

Bittel, K., Houwink ten Cate, P. H. J., and Reiner, E., editors. Anatolian Studies Presented to Hans Gustav Güterbock on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Istanbul, 1974.

Borker-Klahn, J. "Malnigal." IM 45 (1995): 169-73.

Burney, C. "Hurrians and Proto-Indo-Europeans: the Ethnic Context of the Early Trans-Caucasian Culture." In Anatolia and the Near East (Tahsin Ozguce Armagan). Studies in Honour of Tahsin Ozguc, ed. K. Emre, B. Hrouda, M. J. Mellink, and N. Ozguc, 45-51. Ankara, 1989.

Bryce, T. R. "The Boundaries of Hatti and Hittite Border Policy." Tel Aviv 13-14 (1986-7): 85-102.

Bryce, T. R. "The Role of the Lukka People in Late Bronze Age Anatolia." Antichthon 13 (1979): 1-11.

Bryce, T. R. "Hattusili I and the Problems of the Royal Succession." Anatolian Studies 31 (1981): 9-17.

Bryce, T. R. "A Suggested Sequence of Historical Developments in Anatolia during the Assyrian Colony Period." Archiv für Orientforschung 12 (1985): 259-68.

Collins, B. J. "Hattusili I, the Lion King." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 50 (1998): 15-20.

Darden, B. J. "On the Question of the Anatolian Origin of Indo-Hittite." In Greater Anatolia and the Indo-Hittite Language Family, ed. R. Drews, 184-228. Journal of the Israel Exploration Society Monograph Series 38. Washington, D.C., 2001.

Darga, M. "Puduhepa: an Anatolian Queen of the 13th Century B.C." In Melanges Mansel, 939-61. Ankara, 1974

Diakonov, I. M. "On the Original Home of the Speakers of Indo-European." Journal of the Israel Exploration Society 13 (1985): 92-174.

Dincol, A. M., Dincol, B., Hawkins, J. D., and Wilhelm, G. "The 'Cruciform Seal' from Bogazkoy-Hattusa." IM 43 (1993): 87-106.

Forlanini, M. "The Kings of Kanish." In Atti del II. Congresso Internazionale di Hittitologia, eds. O. Carruba, M. Giorgieri, and C. Mora, 123-32. Studia Mediterranea 9. Pavia, 1995.

Gimbutas, M. "Primary and Secondary Homeland of the Indo-Europeans: Comments on the Gamkrelidze-Ivanov Articles." Journal of the Israel Exploration Society 13 (1985): 185-202.

Giorgadze, G. G. "The Hittite Kingdom." In Early Antiquity, ed. I. M. Diakonov, 266-85. Chicago and London, 1991.

Goetze, A. "State and Society of the Hittites." In Neuere Hethiterforschung, Historia, Einzelschriften 7. Wiesbaden,1964. Pp. 23-33

Gurney, O. R. "The Annals of Hattusili III." Anatolian Studies 47 (1997): 127-39.

Gurney, O. R. "The Anointing of Tudhaliya." In Studia Mediterranea Piero Meriggi Dicata, ed. O. Carruba, 213-23. Pavia, 1979.

Gurney, O. R. "The Hittite Empire." In Power and Propaganda. Mesopotamia 7 Copenhagen, 1979. Pp. 151-165.

Gurney, O. R. "Hittite Kingship." Myth, Ritual and Kingship. ed. S. H. Hooke, 105-21. Oxford, 1958.

Gurney, O. R. "The Hittite Prayers of Mursili II." LAAA 27, 1940.

Gurney, O. R. "The Hittite Title Tuhkanti." Anatolian Studies 33 (1983): 97-101.

Gurney, O. R. "The Upper Land, matum elitum." In Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr., eds. G. Beckman, R. Beal, and G. McMahon, 119-26. Winona Lake, 2003.

Güterbock, H. G. "Hattusili II Once More." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 25 (1973): 100-4.

Güterbock, H. G. "Hittite Hieroglyphic Seal Impressions from Korucutepe." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 32 (1973): 135-47.

Güterbock, H. G. "The Hurrian Element in the Hittite Empire." JWH 2/2 (1954): 383-94.

Güterbock, H. G. "The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as told by his Son, Mursili II." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 10 (1956): 41-68, 75-98, 101-30.

Güterbock, H. G. "Kanesh and Nesa: Two Forms of One Anatolian Place Name?" Eretz-Israel 5 (1958): 46-50.

Güterbock, H. G. "Lexicographical Notes III." RHA 25 (1967): 141-50.

Güterbock, H. G. "The North-Central Area of Hittite Anatolia." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 20 (1961): 85-97.

Güterbock, H. G. "Notes on Luwian Studies." Orientalia 25 (1956): 113-40.

Güterbock, H. G. "The Predecessors of Suppiluliuma Again." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 29 (1970): 73-7.

Güterbock, H. G. "Survival of the Hittite Dynasty." In The Crisis Years: the 12th Century B.C. , eds. A. W. Ward and M. S. Joukowsky, 53-5. Dubuque, 1992.

Güterbock, H. G. "A View of Hittite Literature." Journal of the American Oriental Society 84 (1964): 107-15.

Güterbock, H. G. "Resurrecting the Hittites." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 2765-77. Volume 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995.

Haase, R. "Some Problems of Hittite Law and Jurisdiction." In Society and Economy in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1500-1000 B.C.). Proceedings of the International Symposium, University of Haifa, April-May, 1985, eds. M. Heltzer and E. Lipinski 69-77. Leuven, 1988.

Haase, R. "The Hittite Kingdom." In A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law, Volume 1, ed. R. Westbrook, 619-56. Leiden, 2003.

Hardy, R. S. "The Old Hittite Kingdom, a Political History." American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 58 (1941): 177-216.

Hawkins, J. D. "Urhi-Teshub tuhkanti." In Akten IV. Internationalen Kongresses fur Hethitologie, Oktober 1999., eds. G. Wilhelm, 167-69. Studium zum Boghazköy Texten 45. Wurzburg, 2001.

Hoffner, H. A. "The Hittites and Hurrians." Peoples of Old Testament Times, ed. D. J. Wiseman, 197-228. Oxford, 1973.

Hoffner, H. A. "The Last Days of Khattusha." In The Crisis Years: the 12th Century B.C. , eds. A. W. Ward and M. S. Joukowsky, 46-51. Dubuque, 1992.

Hoffner, H. A. "Propaganda and Political Justification in Hittite Historiography." In Essays in the History, Literature and Religion of the Ancient Near East, ed. H. Goedicke and J. J. M. Roberts, 49-62. Baltimore and London, 1975.

Imparati, F. "Apology of Hattusili III or Designation of his Successor?" In Studio Historiae Ardens, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, ed. T. van den Hout and J. de Roos, 143-57. Istanbul, 1995.

Klengel, H. "Problems in Hittite History, Solved and Unsolved." In Recent Developments in Hittite Archaeology and History, Papers in Memory of Hans G. Güterbock, eds. Yener, K. A. and Hoffner, H. A., 101-109. Winona Lake, 2002.

Kosak, S. "Dating of Hittite Texts: a Test." Anatolian Studies 30 (1980): 31-9.

Kosak, S. "The Gospel of Iron." In Kanissuwar: A Tribute to Hans G. Güterbock on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday, ed. H. A. Hoffner and G. M. Beckman, 125-35. Chicago, 1986.

Kosak, S. "The Palace Library 'Building A' on Buyukkale." In Studio Historiae Ardens, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, ed. T. van den Hout and J. de Roos, 173-9. Istanbul, 1995.

Kosak, S. "The Rulers of the Early Hittite Empire." Tel Aviv 7 (1980): 163-8.

Kosak, S. "Western Neighbors of the Hittites." Eretz Israel 15 (1981): 12-16.

Larsen, M. T. "The Old Assyrian Colonies in Anatolia" Journal of the American Oriental Society 94 (1974): 468-75.

Larsen, M. T. The Old Assyrian City-State and its Colonies. Copenhagen, 1976.

Larsen, M. T. Power and Propaganda. Mesopotamia 7. Copenhagen, 1979.

Lewy, H. "Nesa." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 17 (1963): 103-4.

Lewy, H. "Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Period." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 1, part 2. Cambridge, 1971. Pp. 707-28.

Lewy, J. "Old Assyrian Evidence Concerning Kussara and its Location." HUCA 33 (1962): 45-57.

Liverani, M. "Zannanza." SMEA 14 (1971): 161-2.

Lloyd, S. Early Highland Peoples of Anatolia. London, 1967.

Macqueen, J. G., "The History of Anatolia and of the Hittite Empire: An Overview," in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, , 1085-1150. Volume 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Makkay, J. "Pottery Links between Late Neolithic Cultures of the NW Pontic and Anatolia, and the Origins of the Hittites." Anatolica 19 (1993): 117-28.

Melchert, H. C. "The Acts of Hattusili I." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 37 (1978): 1-22.

Mellaart, J. "Western Anatolia, Beycesultan and the Hittites." In Melanges Mansel, 493-526. Ankara, 1974

Mellaart, J. "Anatolia and the Indo-Europeans." Journal of the Israel Exploration Society 9 (1981): 135-49.

Mieroop van de, M. "Sargon of Agade and his Successors in Anatolia." SMEA 42 (2000): 133-59.

Muller-Karpe, A. "Kusakli-Sarissa: a Hittite Town in the 'Upper Land' ." In Recent Developments in Hittite Archaeology and History, Papers in Memory of Hans G. Güterbock, eds. Yener, K. A. and Hoffner, H. A., 145-55. Winona Lake, 2002.

Orlin, L. L. Assyrian Colonies in Cappadocia. The Hague and Paris, 1970.

Osten, Hans H. von der. Explorations in Hittite Asia Minor. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1971.

Otten, H. "Archive und Bibliotheken in Hattusa" In Cuneiform Archives and Libraries. Proceedings of the 30th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Leiden, 1983. Leiden, 1986. Pp. 184-90.

Otten, H., Akurgal, E., Ertem, H., and Suel, A., editors. Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Sedat Alp. Ankara, 1992.

Ozgüc, T. "The Palaces of the Old Assyrian Colonial Age." Proceedings of the 34th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Istanbul, 1987. Ankara, 1998. Pp. 467-72.

Parker, V. "Reflections on the Career of Hattusili III until the Time of his Coup d"Etat." Archiv für Orientforschung 25 (1998), 269-90.

Pedersen, O. Archives and Libraries in the Ancient Near East. Bethesda, 1998.

Puhvel, J. "Hittite Regal Titles: Hattic or Indo-European?" Journal of the Israel Exploration Society 17 (1989): 351-61.

Roos, J. de. "Who Was Kilushepa?" Jaahrbericht Ex Orient Lux 29 (1985-6): 74-83.

Singer, I. "Hittites and Hattians in Anatolia at the Beginning of the Second Millennium B.C." Journal of the Israel Exploration Society 9 (1981): 119-34.

Singer, I. "New Evidence on the End of the Hittite Empire." In The Sea Peoples and their World: A Reassessment, ed. D. Oren, 103-43. Philadelphia, 2000.

Singer, I. "Western Anatolia in the Thirteenth Century B.C. According to the Hittite Sources." Anatolian Studies 33 (1983): 205-17.

Steiner, G. "The Role of the Hittites in Ancient Anatolia." Journal of the Israel Exploration Society 9 (1981): 150-73.

Steiner, G. "The Immigration of the First Indo-Europeans into Anatolia Reconsidered." Journal of the Israel Exploration Society 18 (1990): 185-214.

Tani, H. "More about the 'Hesni Conspiracy." Archiv für Orientforschung 28 (2001): 154-64.

Taracha, P. Silva Anatolica: Anatolian Studies Presented to Macief Popko on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Warsaw, 2002.

ten Cate, Houwink. "The Bronze Tablet of Tudhaliyas IV and its Geographical and Historical Relations." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 82 (1992): 233-70.

ten Cate, Houwink. "The Early and Late Phases of Urhi-Teshub's Career." In Anatolian Studies presented to H. G. Güterbock, ed. K. Bittel, Ph. H. J. Houwink ten Cate, E. Reiner, 123-50. Istanbul, 1974.

ten Cate, Houwink. "Ethnic Diversity and Population Movement in Anatolia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 259-270. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995.

ten Cate, Houwink. "The Genealogy of Mursilis II: the Difference between a Legalistic and a Genealogical Approach to the Descent of Suppiluliumas I." Jaahrbericht Ex Orient Lux 34 (1995-6): 51-72.

ten Cate, Houwink. The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera during the Hellenistic Period. Leiden, 1965.

ten Cate, Houwink. "The Mashuiluwa Affair: a Join (KBo XIX 46), and a Duplicate (KBo IX 77), to Mursilis's Comprehensive Annals (12th year of his reign)." In Studia Mediterranea Piero Meriggi Dicata, ed. O. Carruba, 267-92, Pavia,1979.

ten Cate, Houwink. "A New Fragment of the 'Deeds of Suppiluliuma as told by his Son Mursili II'." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 25 (1966): 27-31.

ten Cate, Houwink. "Urhi-Teshub Revisited." Bibliotheca Orientalis 51 (1994): 233-59.

Van den Hout, T. P. J., "Khattushili III, King of the Hittites," in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1107-1120. Volume 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Veenhof, K. R. "Old Assyrian isurtum, Akkadian eserum and Hittite GISH.UR." In Studio Historiae Ardens, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, ed. T. van den Hout and J. de Roos, 311-32. Istanbul, 1995.

Veenhof, K. R. "Kanesh: an Assyrian Colony in Anatolia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 859-71. Volume 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995.

Westbrook, R. and Woodard, R. "The Edict of Tudhaliya IV." Journal of the American Oriental Society 110 (1990): 641-59.

Wilhelm, G. The Hurrians. Warminster, 1989.

Winhelm, "The Kingdom of Mitanni in 2nd Millennium Upper Mesopotamia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1243-1255. Volume 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Yakar, J. "Hittite Involvement in Western Anatolia." Anatolian Studies 26 (1976): 117-28.

Yakar, J. "The Indo-Europeans and their Impact on Anatolian Cultural Development." Journal of the Israel Exploration Society 9 (1981): 94-112.

Yamada, M. "The Hittite Social Concept of 'Free' in the Light of the Emar Texts." Archiv für Orientforschung 22 (1995): 297-316.


c. Syria, Palestine, and Canaan

Brooke, G. J. "The Textual, Formal and Historical Significance of Ugaritic Letter RS 34.124 (= KTU 2.72)." Ugarit-Forschungen 11 (1979): 69-87.

Brinkman, J. A. Materials and Studies for Kassite History. Volume 1, A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty. Chicago, 1976.

Hoftijzer, A. and van Soldt, W. H. "Texts from Ugarit Pertaining to Seafaring." In Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Late Bronze Age, ed. S. Wachsmann, 333-344. London, 1998.

Naaman, N. "Syria at the Transition from the Old Babylonian Period to the Middle Babylonian Period." Ugarit-Forschungen 6 (1974): 265-74.

Schaeffer, C. F. A. Ugaritica III. Mission de Ras Shamra 8. Paris, 1956.

Singer, I. "A Concise History of Amurru." Appendix 3. In Amurru Akkadian: a Linguistic Study, ed. S. Izre'el, 135-95. Volume 1. Atlanta, 1991.

Singer, I. "A Hittite Seal from Megiddo." Biblical Archaeologist 58 (1995): 91-3.

Singer, I. "The 'Land of Amurru' and the 'Lands of Amurru' in the Sausgamuwa Treaty." Iraq 53 (1991): 69-74.

Singer, I. "Megiddo Mentioned in a Letter from Bogazkoy." In Documentum Asiae Minoris Antiquae. Festschrift Heinrich Otten, ed. E. Neu and C. Ruster, 327-32. Wiesbaden, 1988.

Singer, I. "Takuhlinu and Haya: Two Governors in the Ugarit Letter from Tel Aphek." Tel Aviv 10 (1983): 3-25.

Yon, M. "The End of the Kingdom of Ugarit." In The Crisis Years: the 12th Century B.C., eds. A. W. Ward and M. S. Joukowsky, 111-22. Dubuque, 1992.

Zaccagnini, C. "War and Famine at Emar." Orientalia 64 (1995): 92-109.


d. Warfare and Military History: Egypt (incl. Battle of Kadesh)

Gardiner, A. H. The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses II. Oxford, 1960.

Hasel, M. G. Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998.

Healy, M. and Mcbride, A. New Kingdom Egypt. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1992.

Kadry, A. Officers and Officials in the New Kingdom. Studia Aegyptiaca 8. Budapest: Université Loránd Eötvös, 1982.

Kadry, A. "The Social Status and Education of Military Scribes in Egypt During the 18th Dynasty." Oikumene 5 (1986): 155-162.

Kitchen, K. A. "Triumph and Disaster at Kadesh." Chapter in Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips, 1982. Pp. 53-64.

Lundh, P. Actor and Event: Military Activity in Ancient Egyptian Narrative Texts from Tuthmosis II to Merneptah. Doctoral thesis. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2002.

Morris, E. F. The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt's New Kingdom. Probleme der Ägyptologie 22. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2005.

Murnane, W. The Road to Kadesh: An Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak. Second ed., rev. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations 42. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1990.

Schulman, A. R. "The Battle Scenes of the Middle Kingdom." Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 12/4 (1982): 165-183.

Schulman, A. R. "Chariots, Chariotry and the Hyksos." Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 10/2 (1980): 105-153.

Schulman, A. R. "The Egyptian Chariotry: a Reexamination." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 2 (1963): 75-98.

Schulman, A. R. "Kings, Chronicles and Egyptian Mercenaries." Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 5 (1983): 117-134.

Schulman, A. R. "Military Organization in Pharaonic Egypt." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. Sasson, 273-288. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995.

Schulman, A. R. Military Rank, Title and Organization in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Munchner Ägyptologische Studien 6. Berlin: Bruno Hessling, 1964.

Schulman, A. R. "The N'RN at Kadesh Once Again." Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 11 (1981): 7-19.

Schulman, A. R. "The N'rn at the Battle of Kadesh." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 1 (1962): 25-47.

Shaw, I. Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Shire Egyptology Series. Volume 16. Buckinghamshire: Shire Publications, 1999.

Smith, H. S. and Smith A. "The Kamose Texts." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 103 (1976): 59-62.

Spalinger, A. J. Aspects of the Military Documents of the Ancient Egyptians. Yale Near Eastern Researches 9. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.

Spalinger, A. J. "A Canaanite Ritual Found in Egyptian Military Reliefs." Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 8 (1978): 47-60.

Spalinger, A. "A Critical Analysis of the 'Annals' of Thutmose III (Stucke V-VI)." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 14 (1977): 41-54.

Spalinger, A. J. "Datings of the Kadesh Reliefs." In Five Views on Egypt. Lingua Aegyptia. Studia Monographica 6, eds. F. Kammerzell and G. Moers, 137-56. Göttingen: Seminar für Ägyptologie und Koptologie, 2006.

Spalinger, A. J. War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom. Ancient World at War Series. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2005.

Warburton, D. "Kadesh and the Egyptian Empire." Journal of Ancient Civilizations 12 (1997): 125-147.


e. Warfare and Military History: Hittites

Astour, M. C. "Who Was the King of the Hurrian Troops at the Siege of Emar?" In Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael Astour on his Eightieth Birthday, eds. G. D. Young, M. W. Chavalas, R. E. Averbeck, 25-56. Bethesda, 1997.

Beal, R. "Hittite Military Organization," in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 545-554. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Beal, R. The Organization of the Hittite Military. Heidelberg, 1992.

Bryce, T. Hittite Warrior. Oxford: Osprey, 2007.

Bryce, T. The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Goetze, A. "The Struggle for the Domination of Syria (1400-1300 B.C.)." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 1-20.

Goetze, A. "Anatolia from Shuppiluliumash to the Egyptian War of Muwatallish." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 117-29.

Hamblin, W. J. Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warrior at the Dawn of History. Warfare and History Series. Routledge, 2006.

Lorenz, J. "Hittite Military and Warfare." In Insights into Hittite History and Archaeology, ed. H. Genz and D. P. Mielke, 125-151. Leuven: Peeters, 2011.

Martino, S. de. "The Military Exploits of the Hittite King Hattusili I." In Silva Anatolica. Anatolian Studies Presented to Macief Popko on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, by P. Taracha, 77-85. Warsaw: AGADE, 2002.

Singer, I. "The Battle of Nihriya and the End of the Hittite Empire." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 75 (1985): 100-23.

Spalinger, A. J. "Egyptian-Hittite Relations at the Close of the Amarna Period and Some Notes on Hittite Military Strategy in North Syria." Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 1 (1979): 55-90.

ten Cate, Houwink. "The History of Warfare According to Hittite Sources: The Annals of Hattusilis I." Anatolica 10 (1983): 91-109.

ten Cate, Houwink. "The History of Warfare according to Hittite Sources: the Annals of Hattusilis I (Part II)." Anatolica 11 (1984): 47-83.

ten Cate, Houwink. "Mursilis" North-Western Campaigns--A Commentary." Anatolica 1 (1967): 44-61.

ten Cate, Houwink. "Mursilis" Northwestern Campaigns--Additional Fragments of his Comprehensive Annals Concerning the Nerik Foundation." In Florilegium Anatolicum. Melanges offerts a` Emmanuel Laroche, 157-67. Paris, 1979.

Tinney, S. "A New Look at Naram-Sin and the 'Great Rebellion.'" Journal of Cuneiform Studies 47 (1995): 1-14.

Ozgüc, T. "The Dagger of Anitta." Belleten 20: 29-36, 1956.

Unal, A., Ertekin, A., and Ediz, I. "The Hittite Sword from Boghazkoy-Hattusa Found in 1991 and its Akkadian Inscription." Museum 4 (1991): 46-52.


VIII. International Relations

International Relations: Egypt (incl. Amarna Letters)

Altman, A. "The Fate of Abdi-Ashirta." Ugarit-Forschungen 9 (1977): 1-11.

Altman, A. "The Isuwa Affair in the Sattiwaza Treaty Reconsidered." Ugarit-Forschungen 32 (2000): 11-21.

Altman, A. "EA 59: 27-9 and the Efforts of Mukiš, Nuhasse and Niya to Establish a Common Front against Suppiluliuma I." Ugarit-Forschungen 33 (2001): 1-25.

Ben-Tor, A. "New Light on the Relations between Egypt and Southern Palestine during the Early Bronze Age." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 281 (February, 1991): 3-10.

Bietak, M. "Egypt and Canaan during the Middle Bronze Age." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 281 (February, 1991): 27-72.

Bryan, B. M. "The Egyptian Perspective on Mittani." In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, eds. R. Cohen and R. Westbrook, 71-84. Baltimore and London, 2000.

Dever, W. G. "Tell el-Daba` and Levantine Middle Bronze Age Chronology: A Rejoinder to Manfred Bietak." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 281 (February, 1991): 73-79.

Frerichs, E. and Lesko, L. H., editors. Exodus: The Egyptian Evidence. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1977.

Hawkins, J. D. "The Arzawa Letters in Recent Perspective." British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 14 (2009): 73-83.

Hoffmeier, J. K. Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Hoffmeier, J. K. "James Weinstein's 'Egypt and the Middle Bronze IIC/Late Bronze IA Transition': A Rejoinder." Levant 23 (1991): 117-24.

Hoffmeier, James K. "Reconsidering Egypt's Part in the Termination of the Middle Bronze Age in Palestine." Levant 21 (1989): 181-93.

James, A., "Egypt and her Vassals: The Geopolitical Dimension." In Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations, eds. R. Cohen and R. Westbrook, 112-24. Baltimore and London, 2000.

Kantor, H. J. "The Early Relations of Egypt with Asia." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 1 (1942): 174-213.

Kantor, H. J. "Further Evidence for Early Mesopotamian Relations with Egypt." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11 (1952): 239-50.

Kantor, H. J. "The Relative Chronology of Egypt and Its Foreign Correlations before the Late Bronze Age." In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, ed. R. W. Ehrich, 1-46. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.

Kantor, H. J. "The Relative Chronology of Egypt and Its Foreign Correlations before the First Intermediate Period." In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 2d edition, revised, 3-22. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kelley, A. L. "The Evidence for Mesopotamian Influence in Predynastic Egypt." Newsletter of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 4/3 (1974): 2-11.

Liverani, M. "How to Kill Abdi-Ashirta: EA 101, Once Again." In Past Links: Studies in the Languages and Cultures of the Ancient Near East, eds. S. Izre'el, I. Singer, and R. Zadok, 387-94. Israel Oriental Studies 18. Winona Lake, 1998.

Moran, W. "The Death of "Abdi-Aširta." Eretz-Israel 9 (1969): 94-9.

Rainey, A. et al. The el-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of el-Amarna Based on Collations of All Extant Tablets. Handbuch der Orientalistik 110. Leiden: Brill, 2015.

Redford, D. B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.

Rowton, M. B. "The Background of the Treaty between Ramesses II and Hattusili III." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 13 (1959): 1-11.

Samuel, M. From Egypt to Mesopotamia: A Study of Predynastic Trade Routes. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press; London: Chatham, 1997.

Spalinger, A. "Considerations of the Hittite Treaty between Egypt and Hatti." Studien zur Altaegyptischen Kultur 9 (1981): 299-358.

Ward, W. A. "Early Contacts between Egypt, Canaan and Sinai: Remarks on the Paper by Amnon Ben-Tor." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 281 (February, 1991): 11-26.

Ward, W. A. "Relations between Egypt and Mesopotamia from Prehistoric Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 7 (1964): 1-45, 121-35.

Weinstein, J. "Egypt and the Middle Bronze IIC/Late Bronze IA Transition in Palestine." Levant 23 (1991): 105-15.


b. International Relations: Egypt and Hittites (including Peace Treaties)

Beckman, G. Hittite Diplomatic Texts, ed. H. A. Hoffner. Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1996.

Bryce, T. R. "The Death of Niphururiya and its Aftermath." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76 (1990):97-105.

Bryce, T. "The 'Eternal Treaty' from the Hittite Perspective." British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 6 (2006): 1-11.

Goetze, A. "A New Letter from Ramesses to Hattusilis." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 1 (1947): 241-52.

Guner, S., "Balances of Power in the Hatti-Egypt-Mittani System (1400-1300 B.C.)." In Text and Image: Proceedings of the 61e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Geneva and Bern, 22-26 June 2015. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 40, eds. A. Pascal et al., 473-479. Leuven: Peeters, 2018.

Rainey, A. et al. The el-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of el-Amarna Based on Collations of All Extant Tablets. Handbuch der Orientalistik 110. Leiden: Brill, 2015.

Rowton, M. B. "The Background of the Treaty between Ramesses II and Hattusili III." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 13 (1959): 1-11.

Singer, I. "The First Treaty Between Hatti and Egypt." In All the Wisdom of the East: Studies in Near Eastern Archaeology and History in Honor of Eliezer D. Oren. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 255, ed. M. Gruber et al., 47-55. Freiburg: Academic Press, 2012.

Spalinger, A. J. "Egyptian-Hittite Relations at the Close of the Amarna Period and Some Notes on Hittite Military Strategy in North Syria." Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 1 (1979): 55-90.

Sürenhagen, D. "Forerunners of the Hattusili-Ramesses Treaty." British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 6 (2006): 59-67.

Wouters, W. "Urhi-Tesub and the Ramses-Letters from Boghazkoy." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 41 (1989): 226-34.


c. International Relations: Hittites and Western Asia

Altman, A. "The Isuwa Affair in the Sattiwaza Treaty Reconsidered." Ugarit-Forschungen 32 (2000): 11-21.

Altman, A. "The Submission of Sarrupsi of Nuhašše to Suppiluliuma I." Ugarit-Forschungen 33 (2001): 27-47.

Altman, A. "The Mittanian Raid of Amurru Reconsidered." Archiv für Orientforschung 30 (2003): 345-71.

Astour, M. C. "New Evidence on the Last Days of Ugarit." American Journal of Archaeology 69 (1965): 253-8.

Astour, M. C. "The Kingdom of Siyannu-Usnatu." Ugarit-Forschungen 11 (1979): 13-28.

Astour, M. C. "King Ammurapi and the Hittite Princess." Ugarit-Forschungen 12 (1980): 103-8.

Balkan, K. Letter of King Anum-Hirbi of Mama to King Warshama of Kanish. Ankara, 1957.

Beal, R. "The History of Kizzuwatna and the Date of the Sunassura Treaty." Orientalia 55 (1986): 424-45.

Beal, R. "The Location of Cilician Ura." Anatolian Studies 42 (1992): 65-73.

Beal, R. "Kurunta of Tarhuntassa and the Imperial Hittite Mausoleum." Anatolian Studies 43 (1993): 29-39.

Beckman, G. "Hittite Administration in Syria in the light of the Texts from Hattusa, Ugarit and Emar." In New Horizons in the Study of Ancient Syria, Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 25 (1992): 41-9.

Beckman, G. Hittite Diplomatic Texts, ed. H. A. Hoffner. Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1996.

Beckman, G. "Hittite Provincial Administration in Anatolia and Syria: the View from Masat and Emar." In Atti del II. Congresso Internazionale di Hittitologia (Studia Mediterranea 9) , eds. O. Carruba, M. Giorgieri, and C. Mora, 19-37. Pavia, 1995.

Beckman, G. "New Joins to Hittite Treaties." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 87 (1997): 96-100.

Beckman, G. "Sargon and Naram-Sin in Hatti: Reflections of Mesopotamian Antiquity among the Hittites." In Die Gegenwart des Altertums, eds. D. Kuhn and H. Stahl, 85-91. Heidelberg, 2001.

Bilgic, E. "Ebla in Cappadocian Inscriptions." In Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Sedat Alp, eds. Otten, H., Akurgal, E., Ertem, H., and Suel, A., 61-6. Ankara, 1992.

Brinkman, J. A. "Kadashman-Turgu." "Kadashman-Enlil II." RlA 5 (1976-80): 285-6.

Brinkman, J. A. "Kudur-Enlil." RlA 6 (1980-3): 266-7.

Bryce, T. R. Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East. London, 2003.

Bryce, T. R. "A Reinterpretation of the Milawata Letter in the Light of the New Join Piece." Anatolian Studies 35 (1985): 13-23.

Bryce, T. R. "Madduwatta and Hittite Policy in Western Anatolia." Historia 35 (1986): 1-12.

Bryce, T. R. "Lukka Revisited." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51 (1992): 121-30.

Bryce, T. R. "History." In The Luwians, ed. H. C. Melchert, 27-127. Handbuch der Orientalistik 68. Leiden, 2003.

Drower, M. S. "Ugarit." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp.130-160.

Goetze, A. "The Roads of Northern Cappadocia in Hittite Times." RHA 15 (1957): 91-102.

Goetze, A. "The Struggle for the Domination of Syria (1400-1300 B.C.)." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 1-20.

Goetze, A. "Anatolia from Shuppiluliumash to the Egyptian War of Muwatallish." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 117-29.

Goetze, A. "The Hittites and Syria." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 252-73.

Goetze, A. "Hittite Imperialism and Anti-Imperial Resistance as viewed from Alisar-Huyuk." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 299/300 (1995): 65-89.

Guner, S., "Balances of Power in the Hatti-Egypt-Mittani System (1400-1300 B.C.)." In Text and Image: Proceedings of the 61e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Geneva and Bern, 22-26 June 2015. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 40, eds. A. Pascal et al., 473-479. Leuven: Peeters, 2018.

Gurney, O. R. "Mita of Pahhuwa." LAAA 28 (1948): 32-47.

Gurney, O. R. "The Treaty with Ulmi-Tesub." Anatolian Studies 43 (1993): 13-28.

Gurney, O. R. "The Authorship of the Tawagalawas Letter." In Silva Anatolica. Anatolian Studies Presented to Macief Popko on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, by P. Taracha, 133-41. Warsaw, 2002.

Güterbock, H. G. "The Hittite Conquest of Cyprus Reconsidered." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 26 (1967): 73-81.

Güterbock, H. G. "Sargon of Akkad Mentioned by Hattusili I of Hatti." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 18 (1964): 1-6.

Güterbock, H. G. "A Votive Sword with Old Assyrian Inscription." Studies in Honor of Benno Landsberger on his Seventy-Fifth Birthday, 197-8. Chicago, 1965.

Hamblin, W. J. Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warrior at the Dawn of History. Warfare and History Series. Routledge, 2006.

Hawkins, J. D. "Assyrians and Hittites." Iraq 36 (1974): 67-83.

Hawkins, J. D. " 'Great Kings' and 'Country-Lords' at Malatya and Karkamish." In Studio Historiae Ardens, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, ed. T. van den Hout and J. de Roos, 73-85. Istanbul, 1995.

Hawkins, J. D. "Hittites and Assyrians at Melid (Malatya)." Proceedings of the 34th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Istanbul, 1987, 63-77. Ankara, 1998.

Hawkins, J. D. "Karabel, 'Tarkondemos' and the Land of Mira." Würzburger Jahrbucher für die Altertumswissenschaft. Neue Folge 23 (1999): 7-11.

Hawkins, J. D. "Karkamish and Karatepe: Neo Hittite City-States in North Syria." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1295-1307. Volume 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995.

Hawkins, J. D. "Kuzi-Tesub and the Great Kings of Karkamish." Anatolian Studies 38 (1988): 99-108.

Hawkins, J. D. "Tarkasnawa King of Mira 'Tarkondemos', Bogazkoy Sealings and Karabel." Anatolian Studies 48 (1998): 1-31.

Hoffner, H. A. "The Milawata Letter Augmented and Reinterpreted." Proceedings of the 28th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Vienna, 1981. Archiv für Orientforschung Beiheft 19. Horn, 1982. Pp. 130-137

Hoffner, H. A. "The Ulmi-Teshub Treaty (KBo 4.10 = CTH 106), with a New Join." In Anatolia and the Near East (Tahsin Ozgüce Armagan). Studies in Honour of Tahsin Ozgüc, ed. K. Emre, B. Hrouda, M. J. Mellink, and N. Ozgüc, 199-203. Ankara, 1989.

Hoffner, H. A. "Advice to a King." In Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Sedat Alp, eds. Otten, H., Akurgal, E., Ertem, H., and Suel, A., 295-304. Ankara, 1992.

Hoffner, H. A. The Treaty of Tudhaliya IV with Kurunta of Tarhuntassa on the Bronze Tablet Found in Hattusa." In The Context of Scripture. Volume 2 Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World, eds. W.W. Hallo and K. L. Younger, 100-6. Leiden, Boston, and Cologne, 2000.

Jasink, A. M. "Suppiluliuma and Hartapu: Two 'Great Kings' in Conflict?" In Akten IV. Internationalen Kongresses fur Hethitologie, Oktober 1999, ed. G. Wilhelm, 235-240. Studien zum Boghazkoy Texten 45. Wurzburg, 2001.

Kossian, A.V. "The Mushki Problem Reconsidered." SMEA 39 (1997): 253-66.

Kupper, J.R. "Northern Mesopotamia and Syria." Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 1. Cambridge, 1973. Pp. 1-41.

Larsen, M. T. "A Revolt Against Hattusa." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 24 (1972): 100-1.

Liverani, M. "The Fire of Hahhum." OA 27 (1988): 165-72.

Machinist, P. "Assyrians and Hittites in the Late Bronze Age." In Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn. Proceedings of the 25th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Berlin, 1978, 265-7. Berlin, 1982.

Margueron, J. "Emar, Capital of Astata in the Fourteenth Century B.C.E." Biblical Archaeologist 58 (1995): 126-38.

Martino, S. de. "Ura and the Boundaries of Tarhuntassa," Archiv für Orientforschung 26 (1999): 291-300.

Martino, S. de and F. Imparati. "Observations on Hittite International Treaties." In Akten IV. Internationalen Kongresses für Hethitologie, Oktober 1999, ed. G. Wilhelm, 347-363. Studien zum Boghazkoy Texten 45. Wurzburg, 2001.

Melchert, H. C. "Tarhuntassa in the Sudburg Hieroglyphic Inscription." In Recent Developments in Hittite Archaeology and History, Papers in Memory of Hans G. Güterbock, eds. Yener, K. A. and Hoffner, H. A., 137-143. Winona Lake, 2002.

Mieroop van de, M. "Sargon of Agade and his Successors in Anatolia." SMEA 42 (2000): 133-59.

Miller, J. L. "Hattusili's Expansion into Northern Syria in Light of the Tikunani Letter." In Akten IV. Internationalen Kongresses fur Hethitologie, Oktober 1999, StBoT 45, eds. G. Wilhelm, 410-29. Wurzburg, 2001.

Miller, J. L. "Anum-Khirbi and his Kingdom." Archiv für Orientforschung 28 (2001): 65-101.

Mora, C. "On Some Clauses in the Kurunta Treaty and the Political Scenery at the End of the Hittite Empire." In Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr., eds. G. Beckman, R. Beal, and G. McMahon, 289-96. Winona Lake, 2003.

Naaman, N. "The Historical Introduction of the Aleppo Treaty Reconsidered." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32 (1980): 34-42.

Salvini, M. The Habiru Prism of King Tunip-Teshshup of Tikunani. Documenta Asiana iii . Rome, 1996.

Singer, I. "Danuhepa and Kurunta." In Anatolia Antica. Studi in memoria di Fiorella Imparati (Eothen 11) , ed. S. de Martino and F. Pecchioli Daddi, 739-51. Florence, 2002.

Singer, I. "The Fate of Hattusa during the Period of Tarhuntassa's Supremacy." In Kuturgeschichten. Altorientalische Studien fur Volkert Haas zum 65, 395-403. Geburtstag, Saarbrucken, 2001.

Singer, I. "From Hattusa to Tarhuntassa: Some Thoughts on Muwatalli's Reign." Acts of the 3rd International Congress of Hittitology, Forum, 1996. Ankara, 1998. Pp. 535-541.

Singer, I. "Great Kings of Tarhuntassa." SMEA 38 (1996): 63-71.

Singer, I. "A Hittite Seal from Megiddo." Biblical Archaeologist 58 (1995): 91-3.

Singer, I. "Takuhlinu and Haya: Two Governors in the Ugarit Letter from Tel Aphek." Tel Aviv 10 (1983): 3-25.

Singer, I. "The Treaties between Hatti and Amurru." In The Context of Scripture. Volume 2 Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World, eds. W.W. Hallo and K. L. Younger, 93-100. Leiden, Boston, and Cologne, 2000.

Singer, I. "The Treaties between Karkamiš and Hatti." In Akten IV. Internationalen Kongresses für Hethitologie, Oktober 1999, StBoT 45, eds. G. Wilhelm, 635-41. Wurzburg, 2001.

Spalinger, A. J. "Egyptian-Hittite Relations at the Close of the Amarna Period and Some Notes on Hittite Military Strategy in North Syria." Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 1 (1979): 55-90.

ten Cate, Houwink. "The Hittite Dynastic Marriages of the Period between ca. 1258 and 1244 B.C." Archiv für Orientforschung 23 (1996): 40-75.

ten Cate, Houwink. "An Alternative Date for the Sunassuras Treaty." Archiv für Orientforschung 25 (1998): 34-53.

Tinney, S. "A New Look at Naram-Sin and the 'Great Rebellion.'" Journal of Cuneiform Studies 47 (1995): 1-14.

Westenholz, J. G. "Relations Between Mesopotamia and Anatolia in the Age of the Sargonic Kings." Proceedings of the 34th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Istanbul, 1987. Ankara, 1998. Pp. 5-22.

Wouters, W. "Bogazkoy: Royal Correspondence between Assur and Hatti." Proceedings of the 34th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Istanbul, 1987. Ankara, 1998. Pp. 269-73.


d. Bronze Age Collapse and Sea People Migrations

Barako, T. J. The Seaborne Migration of the Philistines. Ann Arbor, 2001.

Barnett, R. D. "The Sea Peoples." In Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge, 1975. Pp. 359-378.

Drews, R. The End of the Bronze Age. Princeton, 1993.

Drews, R. "Medinet Habu: Oxcarts, Ships, and Migration Theories." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 59 (2000): 161-90.

Gitin, S., Mazar, A., and Stern, E., editors. Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: In Honor of Professor Trude Dothan. Jerusalem, 1998.

Liverani, M. "The Collapse of the Near Eastern Regional System at the End of the Bronze Age: the Case of Syria." In Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, eds. M. Rowlands, M. Larsen, and K. Kristiansen, 66-73. Cambridge, 1987.

Mountjoy, P. A. "The Crisis Years in the Mediterranean World: Transition or Cultural Disintegration? "In The Crisis Years: the 12th Century B.C., eds. A. W. Ward and M. S. Joukowsky, 10-26. Dubuque, 1992.

Muhly, J. D. "The Role of the Sea Peoples in Cyprus during the LC III Period."In Cyprus at the Close of the Late Bronze Age, eds. V. Karageorghis and J. D. Muhly, 39-56. Nicosia, 1984.

Oren, E. D., editor. The Sea Peoples and their World: A Reassessment. Philadelphia, 2000.

Singer, I. "The Beginning of Philistine Settlement in Canaan and the Northern Boundary of Philistia." Tel Aviv 12 (1985): 109-22.

Singer, I. "New Evidence on the End of the Hittite Empire." In The Sea Peoples and their World: A Reassessment, ed. D. Oren, 103-43. Philadelphia, 2000.

Singer, I. "The Origin of the Sea Peoples and their Settlement on the Coast of Canaan." In Society and Economy in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1500-1000 B.C.) , eds. Heltzer and E. Lipinski, 239-50. Proceedings of the International Symposium, University of Haifa, April-May 1985. Leuven, 1985.

Wachsmann, S. "To the Sea of the Philistines." In The Sea Peoples and their World: A Reassessment, ed. E. D. Oren, 103-43. Philadelphia, 2000.

Ward, A. W. and Joukowsky, M. S., editors. The Crisis Years: the 12th Century B.C. Dubuque, 1992.

Wood, B. G. "The Philistines Enter Canaan." Biblical Archaeology Review 17/6 (Nov/Dec., 1991): 44-52.

Yon, M. "The End of the Kingdom of Ugarit." In The Crisis Years: the 12th Century B.C. , eds. A. W. Ward and M. S. Joukowsky, 111-22. Dubuque, 1992.


e. Egypt: Greek and Aegean Relations

Bietak, M. "Minoan Wall-Paintings Unearthed at Ancient Avaris." Egyptian Archaeology 2 (1992): 26-28.

Bietak, M. and Marinatos, N. "The Minoan Wall Paintings from Avaris." Ägypten und Levante 5 (1995): 49-62.

Bietak, M., editor. The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II: Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000--EuroConference Haindorf, 2nd of May-7th of May 2001. Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 4. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 29. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2003.

Bietak, M., Marinatos, N. and Palivou, C. editors. Taureador Scenes in Tell El-Dab'a (Avaris) and Knossos. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2007.

Burkert, W. The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992.

Cline, E. H. "Amenhotep III and the Aegean: A Reassessment of Egypto-Aegean Relations in the 14th Century B.C." Orientalia, N.S. 56 (1987): 1-36.

Cline, E. H. Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum, 1994.

Davies, W. V. and Schofield, L., editors. Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant: Interconnections in the Second Millennium BC. London: British Museum, 1995. (Contains many important articles on a variety of topics)

Diodorus Siculus. Diodorus On Egypt, translated by E. Murphy. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, Inc., 1985.

Fowden, G. The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.

Hankey, V. "Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant." Egyptian Archaeology 3 (1993): 27-29.

Isserlin, B. "The Transfer of the Alphabet to the Greeks: The State of the Documentation." In Phoinikea Grammata: Actes du Colloque de Liége 15-18 Novembre 1989, ed. Cl. Baurain et al., 283-91. Collections d'études classiques, vol. 6. Namur: Societé des Études Classiques, 1991.

Marinatos, Nannó. "The 'Export' Significance of Minoan Bull Hunting and Bull Leaping Scenes."Ägypten und Levante 4 (1994): 89-93.

Millard, A. R. "The Infancy of the Alphabet." World Archaeology 17 (1986): 390-98.

Parkinson, R. and Schofield, L. "Akhenaten's Army?" Egyptian Archaeology 3 (1993): 34-35.

Penglase, C. Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric Hymns and Hesiod. London: Routledge, 1994.

Powell, B. "Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2/1 (1991): 116-126.

Préaux, C. "Graeco-Roman Egypt." Chapter in The Legacy of Egypt, ed. J. R. Harris, 323-54. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Ritner, R. "Implicit Models of Cross-Cultural Interaction: A Question of Noses, Soap, and Prejudice." In Life in a Multi-Cultural Society: Egypt from Cambyses to Constantine and Beyond, ed. J. H. Johnson, 283-90. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations 51. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1992.

Shaw, Maria C. "Bull Leaping Frescoes at Knossos and their Influence on the Tell el-Dab'a Murals." Ägypten und Levante 5 (1995): 91-120.

Wachsmann, S. Aegeans in the Theban Tombs. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 20. Leuven: Peeters Publishers, 1987.


f. Hittites: Greek and Aegean Relations (inc. Trojan War)

Bacharova, M. R., B. J. Collins and I. C. Rutherford, editors. Anatolian Interfaces: Hittites, Greeks and their Neighbours: Proceedings of an International Conference on Cross-Cultural Interaction, September 17-19, 2004. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2010.

Blegen, C. Troy and the Trojans. London, 1963.

Boedeker, D. "The World of Troy." The Classical World 91/5 (1998).

Bryce, T. R. "Ahhiyawans and Mycenaeans--An Anatolian Viewpoint." OJA 8 (1989): 297-310.

Bryce, T. R. "The Nature of Mycenaean Involvement in Western Anatolia." Historia 38 (1989): 1-21.

Bryce, T. R. "Relations between Hatti and Ahhiyawa in the Last Decades of the Bronze Age." In Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr., eds. G. Beckman, R. Beal, and G. McMahon, 59-72. Winona Lake, 2003.

Bryce, T. R. "The Trojan War: Myth or Reality.", Chapter in The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. 357-371.

Bryce, T. R. Review of Troy and the Trojan War, ed. M. J. Mellink, Bryn Mawr, 1986. In Bibliotheca Orientalis 45 (1988): 668-80.

Chadwick, J. The Mycenaean World. Cambridge, 1976.

Cline, E. H. "A Possible Hittite Embargo against the Mycenaeans." Historia 40 (1991): 1-9.

Cline, E. H. "Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Sailor: Minoans and Mycenaeans Abroad." in Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age, eds. W.-D. Niemeier and R. Layneur, 265-87. Liege, 1995.

Cline, E. H. "Assuwa and the Achaeans: the 'Mycenaean' Sword at Hattusas and its Possible Implications." BSA 91 (1996): 137-51.

Cline, E. H. "Achilles in Anatolia: Myth, History, and the Assuwa Rebellion." In Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael Astour on his Eightieth Birthday, eds. Young, G. D., Chavalas, M.W., and Averbeck, R. E., 189-210. Bethesda, 1997.

Crossland, R. A. and Birchall, A., editors. Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean. London, 1974.

Easton, D. F. "Hittite History and the Trojan War." in The Trojan War, its History and Context , eds. L. Foxhall and J. K. Davies, 23-44. Bristol, 1984.

Easton, D. F. "Has the Trojan War Been Found?" Antiquity 59 (1985): 188-96.

Easton, D. F., Hawkins, J. D., Sherratt, A. G., and Sherratt, E. S. "Troy in Recent Perspective." Anatolian Studies 52 (2002): 75-109.

Forsdyke, E. J. Greece Before Homer. London, 1956.

Foxhall, L. and Davies, J. K., editors. The Trojan War, its History and Context. Bristol, 1984.

Güterbock, H. G. "The Hittites and the Aegean World: Part 1. The Ahhiyawa Problem Reconsidered." American Journal of Archaeology 87 (1983): 133-8.

Güterbock, H. G. "Hittites and Akhaeans: A New Look." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 128 (1984): 114-22.

Güterbock, H. G. "Troy in Hittite Texts? Wilusa, Ahhiyawa, and Hittite History." In Troy and the Trojan War, editor M. J. Mellink, 33-44. Bryn Mawr, 1986.

Güterbock, H. G. "A New Look at one Ahhiyawa Text." In Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Sedat Alp, eds. Otten, H., Akurgal, E., Ertem, H., and Suel, A., 235-43. Ankara, 1992.

Hawkins, J. D. and Easton, D. F. "A Hieroglyphic Seal from Troy." Studia Troica 6 (1996): 111-18.

Hertel, D. and Kolb, F. "Troy in Clearer Perspective." Anatolian Studies 53 (2003): 71-88.

Hiller, S. "Two Trojan Wars? On the Destructions of Troy VIh and VIIa." In Studia Troica1 (1999): 145-54, ed. Korfmann, M., Latacz, J., and Christopherson, A. Mainz, 1991.

Hooker, J. T. Mycenaean Greece. London, 1976.

Huxley, G. L. Achaeans and Hittites. Oxford, 1960.

Janssen, H. G., "Troy: Legend and Reality," in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1121-1134. Volume 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Korfmann, M. "Besik Tepe: New Evidence for the Period of the Trojan Sixth and Seventh Settlements." In Troy and the Trojan War, ed. M. J. Mellink, 45-62. Bryn Mawr, 1986.

Korfmann, M. "Troia: A Residential and Trading City at the Dardanelles." In Politeia. Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 5th International Aegean Conference, University of Heidelberg, Archaologisches Institut, 10-13 April 1994, eds. R. Laffneur and W. D. Niemeier, 173-183. Liege, 1995.

Kosak, S. "The Hittites and the Greeks." Linguistica 20 (1980): 35-47.

Kosak, S. "Western Neighbors of the Hittites." Eretz Israel 15 (1981): 12-16.

Latacz, J. Troy and Homer. Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery. Oxford, 2004.

Mee, C. B. "The Mycenaeans and Troy." In The Trojan War, its History and Context, eds. L. Foxhall and J. K. Davies, 45-56. Bristol, 1984.

Mee, C. B. "Anatolia and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age." In The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Symposium Cincinnati, 18-20 April 1997, Aegaeum 18: 137-48.

Mellaart, J. "Troy VIIa in Anatolian Perspective." In The Trojan War, its History and Context, eds. L. Foxhall and J. K. Davies, 63-82. Bristol, 1984.

Mellink, M. J., editor. Troy and the Trojan War. Bryn Mawr, 1986.

Mellink, M. J. "Homer, Lycia, and Lukka." In The Ages of Homer. A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule, eds. J. B. Carter and S. B. Morris, 33-43. Austin, 1995.

Millard, A. R. "Events at the End of the Late Bronze Age in the Near East." In The Trojan War, its History and Context , eds. L. Foxhall and J. K. Davies, 1-15. Bristol, 1984.

Morris, S. P. "A Tale of Two Cities: the Miniature Frescoes from Thera and the Origins of Greek Poetry." American Journal of Archaeology 93 (1989): 511-35.

Mountjoy, P. A. "The East Aegean-West Anatolian Interface in the Late Bronze Age: Mycenaeans and the Kingdom of Ahhiyawa." AS 48 (1998): 33-67.

Mountjoy, P. A. "The Destruction of Troy VIh." Studia Troica 9 (1999): 253-93.

Muscarella, O. W. "King Midas of Phrygia and the Greeks." In Anatolia and the Near East (Tahsin Ozgüce Armagan). Studies in Honour of Tahsin Ozgüc, ed. K. Emre, B. Hrouda, M. J. Mellink, and N. Ozguc, 333. Ankara, 1989.

Niemeier W. D. "Mycenaeans and Hittites in War in Western Asia Minor." Aegaeum 19 (1999): 141-55.

Niemeier W. D. "The Mycenaeans in Western Anatolia and the Problem of the Origins of the Sea Peoples." In Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: In Honor of Professor Trude Dothan, eds. S. Gitin, A. Mazar, and E. Stern, 17-65. Jerusalem, 1998.

Sperling, J., "The Last Phase of Troy VI and Mycenaean Expansion." In Studia Troica1 (1999): 155-8, ed. Korfmann, M., Latacz, J., and Christopherson, A. Mainz, 1991.

Taracha, P. "Is Tuthaliya's Sword Really Aegean?" In Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr., eds. G. Beckman, R. Beal, and G. McMahon, 367-76. Winona Lake, 2003.

ten Cate, Houwink. "Anatolian Evidence for Relations with the West in the Late Bronze Age." In Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean, eds R. A. Crossland and A. Birchall, 141-61. London, 1974.

ten Cate, Houwink. "Sidelights on the Ahhiyawa Question from Hittite Vassal and Royal Correspondence." Jaahrbericht Ex Orient Lux 28 (1983-4): 33-79.

Tinney, S. "A Hittite Mycenaean Type B Sword from the Vicinity of Kastamonu, Northwest Turkey." In Essays on Ancient Anatolia. Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Centre in Japan 11, ed. Prince Takahito Mikasa. Wiesbaden, 1999.

Vermeule, E. "The Mycenaeans in Achaia." American Journal of Archaeology 64 (1960): 1-21.

Vermeule, E. "Priam's Castle Blazing." In Troy and the Trojan War, editor M. J. Mellink, 77-92. Bryn Mawr, 1986.

Watkins, C. "The Language of the Trojans." In Troy and the Trojan War, ed. M. J. Mellink, 45-62. Bryn Mawr, 1986.

Webster, T. B. L. From Mycenae to Homer. London, 1958.


IX. Social History (Legal and Social Institutions, Daily Life)

a. Egypt

Allam, S. "Legal Aspects in the Contendings of Horus and Seth." In Studies in Pharaonic Religion and Society in Honour of J. Gwyn Griffiths, A. B. Lloyd, 137-45. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1992.

Bleiberg, Edward. The Official Gift in Ancient Egypt. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.

David, A. Rosalie. The Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh's Workforce. London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1986.

Eyre, C. J. "Crime and Adultery in Ancient Egypt." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 70 (1984): 92-105.

Graves-Brown, C. Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: 'Don your wig for a joyful hour'. Classical Press of Wales, 2008.

Hayes, W. C. A Papyrus of the Late Middle Kingdom in the Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn: The Brooklyn Museum, 1955. Reprinted 1972.

Lesko, Leonard H. Pharaoh's Workers: The Villagers of Deir El Medina. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994.

Lorton, D. "The Treatment of Criminals in Ancient Egypt." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 20 (1977): 2-64.

Manniche, Lise. City of the Dead: Thebes in Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: London: British Museum Publications, 1987.

Manniche, L. Sexual Life in Ancient Egypt. New York and London: Kegan Paul International, 1987.

McDowell, A. G. Jurisdiction in the Workmen's Community of Deir el-Medina. Egyptologische Uitgaven 5. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1990.

Montserrat, D. Sex and Society in Greco-Roman Egypt. New York and London: Kegan Paul International, 1996.

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Egypt's Golden Age: The Art of Living in the New Kingdom 1558 B.C.-1085 B.C. Boston: MFA, 1982.

Omlin, J. A. Der Papyrus 55001 und seine satirisch-erotischen Zeichnungen und Inschriften. Catalogo. Serie 1: Monumenti e Testi 3. Turin: Edizione d'Arte Fratelli Pozzo, 1973.

Pestman, P. W. Marriage and Matrimonial Property in Ancient Egypt: A Contribution to Establishing the Legal Position of the Woman. Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava 9. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1961.

Peet, T. E. The Great Tomb-robberies of the Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty. Reprinted, Hildesheim: Olms, 1977.

Théodoridés, A. "The Concept of Law in Ancient Egypt." Chapter in The Legacy of Egypt, ed. J. R. Harris, 291-322. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.


b. Hittites

Bryce, Trevor. Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Collins, B. J. "Society." In The Hittites and Their World, 91-155. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2007.

Hoffner, Harry. A. The Laws of the Hittites: A Critical Edition. Documenta Et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 23. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 1997.

Hoffner, "Legal and Social Institutions of Hittite Anatolia," in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 555-569. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Imparati, F. "Private Life Among the Hittites." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 571-586. New York: Scribners, 1995.

Roth, Martha. Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. Writings from the Ancient World 6. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1995.


c. Western Asia

Michalowski, Piotr, trans. Letters from Early Mesopotamia, ed. Erica Reiner. Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars Press, 1993.

Saggs, H. W. F. Everyday Life in Babylonia and Assyria. London: B.T. Batsford ; New York: Putnam, 1965.

Bottero, Jean. "The Cuisine of Ancient Mesopotamia," Biblical Archaeologist (March 1985): 36-47.

Conteneau, George. Everyday Life in Babylonia and Assyria. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1966.

Dandamayev, M. A. "About Life Expectancy in Babylonia in the First Millennium B.C." In Death in Mesopotamia, ed. B. Alster, in the journal Mesopotamia 8 (1980): 183ff.

Fiero, Gloria. Origins of the Humanistic Tradition: The First Civilizations and the Classical Legacy. The Humanistic Tradition Series. Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown Communications, 1992.

Greengus, S. "Legal and Social Institutions of Ancient Mesopotamia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 469-484. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Klein, J. "The 'Bane' of Humanity: A Lifespan of One Hundred Twenty Years," Acta Sumerologica 12 (1990), 57-70.

Malamat, A. "Longevity: Biblical Concepts and Some Ancient Near Eastern Parallels," Archiv für Orientforschung, Beiheft 19 (1982): 215, 221, no. 5.

Mendelsohn, Isaac. "Slavery in the Ancient Near East." Biblical Archaeologist 9 (1946): 74-88.

Morin, Etienne. Une ville en Mesopotamie sous Nabuchodonosor: Babylon. Paris: Albin Michel Jeunesse, 1984.

Oppenheim, Leo. Letters from Mesopotamia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

Poliakoff, Michael. Contact Sports in the Ancient World. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.

Postgate, J. N. "Royal Ideology and State Administration in Sumer and Akkad." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 395-412. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Roaf, M. "Palaces and Temples in Ancient Mesopotamia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 423-442. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Robertson, J. F. "Social and Economic Organization of Ancient Mesopotamian Temples." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 443-454. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Roth, Martha. Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995.

Stol, M. "Private Life in Ancient Mesopotamia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 485-502. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Stol M. and S. P. Vleeming, The Care of the Elderly in the Ancient Near East. Leiden, 1998.

Tetlow, Elisabeth M. Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society. Volume 1, The Ancient Near East. New York: Continuum Publishing, 2004.

Time Life. Time Frame: 3000-1500 B.C.: The Age of God Kings. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1987.


X. Women: Social Status and Position

a. Egypt

Allam, S. "Women as Owners of Immovables in Pharaonic Egypt." In Women's Earliest Records: From Ancient Egypt and Western Asia, ed. B. Lesko, 123-39. Brown Judaic Studies, no. 166. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.

Arnold, Dorothea. The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt. New York: H. Abrams, Inc. for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.

Baines, J. and Eyre, C. "Four Notes on Literacy." Göttinger Miszellen 61 (1983): 65-96.

Baines, J. and Malek, J. "Women in Society." Chapter in Atlas of Ancient Egypt, 204-208. New York: Facts on File, 1980.

Bryan, B. "The Evidence for Female Literacy from Theban Tombs of the New Kingdom." Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar 6 (1984): 17-32.

Fischer, H. G. "Women in the Old Kingdom and the Heracleopolitan Period." In Women's Earliest Records: From Ancient Egypt and Western Asia, ed. B. Lesko, 5-24. Brown Judaic Studies, no. 166. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.

Lesko, B. The Remarkable Women of Ancient Egypt, 2nd ed., rev. Providence: B.C. Scribe Publications, 1987.

Lesko, B. "Women and Religion in Ancient Egypt" (2002). Essay located on the World Wide Web (Internet); URL: https://www.stoa.org/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Stoa:text:2002.01.0007. Lesko, B., editor. Women's Earliest Records: From Ancient Egypt and Western Asia. Brown Judaic Studies, no. 166. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.

Lesko, B. "Women's Monumental Mark on Ancient Egypt." Biblical Archaeologist 54/1 (March, 1991): 4-15.

Menu, B. "Women and Business Life in the First Millennium B.C." In Women's Earliest Records: From Ancient Egypt and Western Asia, ed. B. Lesko, 193-205. Brown Judaic Studies, no. 166. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.

Pestman, P. W. Marriage and Matrimonial Property in Ancient Egypt: A Contribution to Establishing the Legal Position of the Woman. Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava 9. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1961.

Pomeroy, S. Women in Hellenistic Egypt from Alexander to Cleopatra. New York: Schocken Books, 1984.

Robins, G. "The God's Wife of Amun in the Eighteenth Dynasty in Egypt." In Image of Women in Antiquity. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1983

Robins, G. "Some Images of Women in New Kingdom Art and Literature." In Women's Earliest Records: From Ancient Egypt and Western Asia, ed. B. Lesko, 105-116. Brown Judaic Studies, no. 166. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.

Robins, G. Women in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.

Tyldesley, J. A. Daughter of Isis: Women of Ancient Egypt. London: Viking Press, 1994.

Ward, W. "The Case of Mrs. Tchat and Her Sons at Beni Hasan." Göttinger Miszellen 71 (1984): 51-59.

Ward, W. "The Egyptian Economy and Non-royal Women: Their Status in Public Life" (1996). Essay located on the World Wide Web (Internet); URL: https://www.uky.edu/ArtsSciences/Classics/wardlect.html.


b. Hittites

Bin-Nun, S. R. "The Anatolian Background of the Tawananna's Position in the Hittite Kingdom." RHA 30 (1972): 54-80.

Bin-Nun, S. R. The Tawananna in the Hittite Kingdom. Heidelberg, 1975.

Gunbatti, C. "Some Observations about the Commercial Activities of Women in the Light of the Kültepe Tablets." In Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Sedat Alp, eds. Otten, H., Akurgal, E., Ertem, H., and Suel, A., 229-234. Ankara, 1992.

Singer, I. "The Title 'Great Princess' in the Hittite Empire." Ugarit-Forschungen 23 (1991): 327-38.


c. Western Asia

Albenda, Pauline. "Woman, Child and Family: Their Imagery in Assyrian Art." In La femme dans le Proche Orient Antique, ed. J.-M. Durand, 17-21. Compte rendu de la xxxiii Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Paris 1986). Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations 1987.

Bahrani, Zainab. Women of Babylon: Gender and Representation in Mesopotamia. London: Routledge, 2001.

Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994.

Batto, Bernard F. Studies on Women at Mari. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974.

Brosius, Maria. Women in Ancient Persia (559-331 BC). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Freeman, David Noel. "Women: Mesopotamia." The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Volume 6. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Parpola, S. and R. M. Whiting, eds. Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki, July 2-6, 2001. Compte Rendu, Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 47. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 2002.

Roth, Martha. "The Doweries of the Women of the Itti-Marduk-balatu Family." Journal of the American Oriental Society 111 (1991): 19-37.

Roth, Martha. "Marriage and Matrimonial Prestations in First Millennium BC Babylonia." In Women's Earliest Records, ed. Barbara S. Lesko, 245-55. Brown Judaic Studies, no. 166. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989.

Roth, Martha. "The Material Composition of the Neo-Babylonian Dowry," Archiv für Orientforschung 36-37 (1989-1990): 1-55.

Roth, Martha. "The Neo-Babylonian Family and Household," Bulletin of the Society for Mesopotamian Studies, 1994, 19-29.

Roth, Martha. "The Neo-Babylonian Widow." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 43-45 (1991-1993): 1-26.

Roth, Martha. "'She Will Die by the Iron Dagger.' Adultery and Neo-Babylonian Marriage," Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 31 (198x): 186-206.

Tetlow, Elisabeth M. Women, Crime, and Punishment in Ancient Law and Society. Volume 1, The Ancient Near East. New York: Continuum Publishing, 2004.

Van Der Toon, Karel. From Her Cradle to Her Grave. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994.

Yaron, R. "A Royal Divorce at Ugarit." Orientalia 32 (1963): 21-31.


XI. Economy and Economic Institutions

a. Egypt

Baer, Klaus. "A Deed of Endowment in a Letter of the Time of Ppjj I." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache 93 (1966): 1-9.

Baer, Klaus. "An Eleventh Dynasty Farmer"s Letters to His Family." Journal of the American Oriental Society 83 (1963): 1-19.

Baer, Klaus. "The Low Price of Land in Ancient Egypt." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 1 (1962): 25-45.

Bleiberg, E. "The Economy of Ancient Egypt." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1373-1386. Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Bleiberg, E. "The Redistributive Economy in New Kingdom Egypt: An Examination of b3kw(t)." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 25 (1988): 157-68.

Caminos, R. A. Late Egyptian Miscellanies. London: Oxford University Press, 1954.

Edgerton, W. F. "The Nauri Decree of Seti I: A Translation and Analysis of the Legal Portion." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6 (1947): 219-30.

Gardiner, A. H. "Ramesside Texts Relating to the Taxation and Transport of Corn." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 27 (1941): 19-73.

Gardiner, A. H. "Some Reflections on the Nauri Decree." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 38 (1952): 24-33.

Gardiner, A. H. The Wilbour Papyrus. 4 volumes. Brooklyn: Brooklyn Museum, 1941-1952. Volume 1, Plates (1941). Volume 2, Commentary (1948). Volume 3, Translation (1948). Volume 4, Index, ed. R. O. Faulkner (1952).

Goedicke, Hans, editor. Studies in the Hekanakhte Papers. Baltimore: Halgo, Inc., 1984.

Griffith, F. Ll. "The Abydos Decree of Seti I at Nauri." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 13 (1927): 193-206.

James, T. G. H. The Hekanakhte Papers and Other Early Middle Kingdom Documents. Publications of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Egyptian Expedition 29. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1962.

Janssen, J. J. "Agrarian Administration in Egypt during the Twentieth Dynasty." Bibliotheca Orientalis 43 (1986): 351-66.

Janssen, J. J. Commodity Prices from the Ramessid Period, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975.

Janssen, J. J. "Prolegomena to the Study of Egypt's Economic History during the New Kingdom." Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 3 (1975): 127-85.

Janssen, J. J. "The Role of the Temple in the Egyptian Economy during the New Kingdom." In State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East, volume 2, ed. E. Lipinski, 505-15. Leuven, 1979.

Janssen, J. J. "Die Struktur der pharaonischen Wirtschaft." Göttinger Miszellen 48 (1981): 59-77.

Janssen, J. J. Two Ancient Egyptian Ship's Logs. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1961.

Kemp, B. "Temple and Town in Ancient Egypt." In Man, Settlement and Urbanism, eds. P. J. Ucko, R. Tringham and G. W. Dimbleby, 657-80. London: Duckworth & Co., 1972.

Spalinger, A. J. "Some Revisions of Temple Endowments in the New Kingdom." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 28 (1991): 21-40.

Spalinger, A. J. "Notes on the Day Summary Accounts of P. Bulaq 18 and the Intradepartmental Transfers." Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 12 (1985): 179-241.

Warburton, D. State and Economy in Ancient Egypt: Fiscal Vocabulary of the New Kingdom. __.


b. Hittites

Bryce, Trevor. Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Easton, D. F. "Hittite Land Donations and Tabarna Seals." Journal of Cuneiform Studies 33 (1981): 3-43.


c. Western Asia

Astour, M. C. "Overland Trade Routes in Ancient Western Asia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1401-1420. Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Joannés, F. "Private Commerce and Banking in Achaemenid Babylon." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1475-1486. Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Robertson, J. F. "Social and Economic Organization of Ancient Mesopotamian Temples." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 443-454. Volume 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Snell, D. C. "Methods of Exchange and Coinage in Ancient Western Asia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1487-1499. Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Yoffee, N. "The Economy of Ancient Western Asia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1387-1400. Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.


XII. Egypt: King Akhenaten and the Amarna Period

Aldred, C. Akhenaten, King of Egypt. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1988.

Aldred, C. "Egypt: The Amarna Period and the End of the Eighteenth Dynasty." In The Cambridge Ancient History. Volume 2, part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.

Arnold, Dorothea. The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt. New York: H. Abrams, Inc. for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.

Cooney, J. D. Amarna Reliefs from Hermopolis in American Collections. Brooklyn: The Brooklyn Museum, 1965.

Davies, N. de G. The Rock Tombs of El Amarna. Six Volumes. Archaeological Survey of Egypt 13-18. London: Egypt Exploration Fund, 1903-1908.

Gohary, J. Akhenaten's Sed-festival at Karnak. Studies in Egyptology. London: Kegan Paul International, 1992.

Griffiths, J. G. Triads and Trinity. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996.

Johnson, W. R. "Images of Amenhotep III in Thebes: Styles and Intentions." In The Art of Amenhotep III: Art Historical Analysis, ed. L. M. Berman, 26-46. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1990.

Johnson, W. R. "The Revolutionary Role of the Sun in the Reliefs and Statuary of Amenhotep III." The Oriental Institute News and Notes 151 (Fall, 1996): 1-7.

Kemp, B. J. and Garfi, S. A Survey of the Ancient City of El-Amarna. Occasional Publications 9. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1993.

Martin, G. T. The Royal Tomb at El-Amarna. The Rock Tombs of El-Amarna 7. Two volumes. Vol. 1, The Objects. Vol. 2. The Reliefs, Inscriptions, and Architecture. Archaeological Survey of Egypt 35, 39. London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1974, 1994.

Moran, W. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

Murnane, W. J. Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt. Society of Biblical Literature Writings from The Ancient World 5. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995.

Murnane, W. J. and Van Siclen III, C. C. The Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten. Studies in Egyptology. London: Kegan Paul International, 1993.

Parkinson, R. and Schofield, L. "Akhenaten's Army?" Egyptian Archaeology 3 (1993): 34-35.

Rainey, A. et al. The el-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters from the Site of el-Amarna Based on Collations of All Extant Tablets. Handbuch der Orientalistik 110. Leiden: Brill, 2015.

Redford, D. B. Akhenaten, the Heretic King. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.

Redford, D. B. The Akhenaten Temple Project. Vol. 1, Initial Discoveries. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, 1976.

Redford, D. B. The Akhenaten Temple Project. Vol. 2, Rwd-Mnw and Inscriptions. Toronto: Akhenaten Temple Project, 1988.

Wilson, J. A. "Akh-en-aton and Nefertiti." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 23 (1973): 235.


XIII. Geography, Land, and Environment
a. Near East

Butzer, K. "Environmental Change in the Near East." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 123-152. Volume 1. New York: Scribner, 1995.

Eyre, C. "Agricultural Cycle, Farming, and Water Management." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 175-190. Volume 1. New York: Scribner, 1995.


b. Egypt

Baines, John and Malek, Jaromir. Atlas of Ancient Egypt. New York: Facts on File, 1980.

Baz, Faruq. el-. The Geology of Egypt. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1984.

Bell, Barbara. "Climate and the History of Egypt: The Middle Kingdom." American Journal of Archaeology 79 (1975): 224-269.

Bell, Barbara. "The Dark Ages in Ancient History: The First Dark Age in Egypt." American Journal of Archaeology 75 (1971): 1-26

Bell, Barbara. "The Oldest Records of the Nile Floods." The Geographical Journal 136 (1970): 569-573.

Butzer, Karl. Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: A Study in Cultural Ecology. Prehistoric Archaeology and Ecology Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.

Butzer, Karl. "Long-Term Nile Flood Variation and Political Discontinuities in Pharaonic Egypt." In From Hunters to Farmers, ed. J. D. Clarke and S. Brandt, 102-12. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

Clarke, J. D. and Brandt, S, editors. From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

Close, Angela. "Living on the Edge: Neolithic Herders in the Eastern Sahara." Antiquity 64 (1990): 79-96.

Close, Angela, Wendorf, Fred and Schild, Romuald. "Patterned Use of a Middle Palaeolithic Landscape: Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East, Eastern Sahara, Sahara 3 (1990): 21-34.

Collins, R. O. The Waters of the Nile: An Annotated Bibliography. London: Hans Zell Publishers, 1991.

Connor, D. and Marks, A. "The Terminal Pleistocene on the Nile: The Final Nilotic Adjustment." In End of the Palaeolithic in the Old World, ed. L. G. Straus, 171-98. BAR Int'l. Series, no. 284. 1986.

Grove, A. T. "Geomorphic Evolution of the Sahara and the Nile." In The Sahara and the Nile: Quarternary Environments and Prehistoric Occupation in Northern Africa, ed. M. A. J. Williams and H. Faure, 7-16. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1980.

Harrell, James A. and Brown, V. Max, "The World's Oldest Surviving Geological Map: The 1150 B.C. Turin Papyrus from Egypt." Journal of Geology 100 (1992): 3-18.

Hassan, Fekri. "Environment and Subsistence in Predynastic Egypt." In From Hunters to Farmers, ed. J. D. Clarke and S. Brandt, 57-64. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

Hassan, Fekri. "Historical Nile Floods and Their Implications for Climatic Change." Science 212 (5 June, 1991): 1142-45.

Hoffman, M. "The Two Lands: An Ecological Perspective." Chapter in Egypt Before the Pharaohs: The Historical Foundations of Egyptian Civilization, 23-32. Rev. ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.

Issar, A. S. Water Shall Flow from the Rock: Hydrology and Climate in the Lands of the Bible. Berlin: Springerverlag, 1990.

Janssen, Jac. J. "The Water Supply of a Desert Village." Bulletin Medelhavsmuseet 14 (1979): 9-15.

Kees, Hermann. "The Countryside." Chapter Two in Ancient Egypt: A Cultural Topography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Sects. A-B, including: "The Nile and the Seasons." "Irrigation and Soil." 47-61.

O'Connor, David. "The Geography of Settlement in Ancient Egypt." In Man, Settlement and Urbanism, eds. P. J. Ucko, R. Tringham and G. W. Dimbleby, 681-98. London: Duckworth & Co., 1972.

Rossi, G. A. and Rodenbeck, M. Egypt, Gift of the Nile: An Aerial Portrait. New York: H. N. Abrams, 1992. (A sumptuous feast for the eyes, probably the best photographic study of the Nile Valley published!).

Said, Rushdi. The Geology of Egypt. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1962.

Said, Rushdi, editor. The Geology of Egypt. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1990.

Smith, H. S. "Society and Settlement in Ancient Egypt." In Man, Settlement and Urbanism, eds. P. J. Ucko, R. Tringham and G. W. Dimbleby, 705-20. London: Duckworth & Co., 1972.

Stanley, D. J. and Warne, A. G. "Sea Level and Initiation of Predynastic Culture in the Nile Delta." Nature 363 (3 June 1993): 435-38.

Williams, M. A. J. and Williams, F. M. "Evolution of the Nile Basin." In The Sahara and the Nile: Quarternary Environments and Prehistoric Occupation in Northern Africa, ed. M. A. J. Williams and H. Faure, 207-24. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1980.


c. Mesopotamia

Walters, Stanley D. Water for Larsa: An Old Babylonian Archive Dealing with Irrigation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970.


XIV. Art and Art History

a. Near Eastern

Frankfort, H. The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient. Pelican History of Art. 4th ed., rev. by M. Roaf and D. Matthews. New Haven and London, 1996.


b. Egypt

Aldred, C. Egyptian Art in the Days of the Pharaohs. World of Art Series. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980. Reprinted, New York: Thames and Hudson, 1985.

Aldred, C. Jewels of the Pharaohs: Egyptian Jewellery of the Dynastic Period. London: Thames and Hudson, 1971.

Cooney, J. D. Amarna Reliefs from Hermopolis in American Collections. Brooklyn: The Brooklyn Museum, 1965.

Gronewegen Frankfort, H. A. Arrest and Movement: An Essay on Space and Time in the Representational Art of the Ancient Near East. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.

Iversen, E. Canon and Proportion in Egyptian Art. Warminster: Aris Phillips, 1975.

Iversen, E. "The Canonical Tradition." Chapter in The Legacy of Egypt, ed. J. R. Harris, 55-82. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Johnson, W. R. "Images of Amenhotep III in Thebes: Styles and Intentions." In The Art of Amenhotep III: Art Historical Analysis, ed. L. M. Berman, 26-46. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1990.

Peck, W. H. and Ross, J. G. Egyptian Drawings. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1978.

Robins, G. The Art of Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Robins, G. Proportion and Style in Ancient Egyptian Art. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994.

Russmann, E. R. Egyptian Sculpture: Cairo and Luxor. Photographs by David Finn. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.

Schäfer, H. Principles of Egyptian Art, ed. E Brunner-Traut, transl. John Baines. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974.

Smith, W. S. and Simpson, W. K. The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt, 2nd ed. rev. Pelican History of Art. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1981.

Wilkinson, R. H. Reading Egyptian Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture. London: Thames and Hudson, 1992.


c. Mesopotamia

Barnett, Richard D. the Sculptures of Assur-nasir-apli II, 883-859 B.C., Tiglath-pileser III, 745-727 B.C. [and] Esarhaddon, 681-669 B.C., from the Central and South-west Palaces at Nimrud. London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1962.

Reade, Julian. Assyrian Sculpture. London: The British Museum, 1983.

Russell, John M. From Nineveh to New York: The Strange Story of the Assyrian Reliefs in the Metropolitan Museum and the Hidden Masterpiece at Canford School. New Haven: Yale University Press in association with the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997.


XV. Architecture and Archaeology

a. Near Eastern

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, Eric M. Meyers, editor-in-chief. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.


b. Egypt

Arnold, Dieter. Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

Badawy, A. A History of Egyptian Architecture. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Old Kingdom. Giza: [by the author], 1954.

Badawy, A. A History of Egyptian Architecture. Vol. 2, The First Intermediate Period, the Middle Kingdom, and the Second Intermediate Period. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966.

Badawy, A. A History of Egyptian Architecture. Vol. 3, The Empire (The New Kingdom: From the Eighteenth Dynasty to the End of the Twentieth Dynasty). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.

Edwards, I. E. S. The Pyramids of Egypt. 2d ed., rev. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, Ltd., 1961.

Hawass, Z. and Lehner, M. "The Passage under the Sphinx." In Hommages à Jean Leclant. Volume 1, ed. C. Berger, G. Clerc and N. Grimal, 201-15. Bibliothèque d'Etude 106/1. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 1994.

Hawass, Z. and Lehner, M. "The Sphinx: Who Built It and Why?" Archaeology (September/October 1994): 30-47.

Lehner, M. The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson, 1997.

Wenke, Robert. Patterns in Prehistory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.


c. Mesopotamia

Leacock, Helen and Richard. The Buildings of Ancient Mesopotamia. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.

Leick, Gwendolyn. A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Architecture. London: Routledge, 1988.

Renfrew, Colin, and Paul Bahn. Archaeology: Theory, Methods, and Practice. Thames and Hudson, 1991.

Scientific American. Ancient Cities Issue. Vol. 5, no. 1. New York: Scientific American, Inc., 1994.


XVI. Calendar and Chronological Issues

a. Egypt

Beckerath, J. von. Chronologie des pharaonischens Ägyptens: Die Zeit bestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Christ. Münchener Ägyptologische Studien 46. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1997.

Depuydt, L. Civil Calendar and Lunar Calendar in Ancient Egypt. Orientalia Lovaniensa Analecta 77. Leuven: Vitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies, 1997.

Hornung, E. Untersuchungen zur Chronologie und Geschichte des Neuen Reiches. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen 2. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1964.

Kitchen, K. A. "The Chronology of Ancient Egypt." World Archaeology 23/2 (October 1991): 201-208.

Malville, J. M., R. Schild, F. Wendorf. and R. Brenmer. "The Astronomy of Nabta Playa." African Cultural Astronomy (2008): 131-144.

Parker, R. "The Calendars and Chronology." Chapter in The Legacy of Egypt, ed. J. R. Harris, 13-26. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Parker, R. The Calendars of Egypt. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 26. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1950.

Parker, R. "The Sothic Dating of the Twelfth and Eighteenth Dynasties." In Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 39, pp. 177-190. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1977.

Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. Egyptian Astronomical Texts. Three volumes. Brown Egyptological Studies. Providence and London: Brown University Press and Lund Humphries.
Vol. 1, The Early Decans. Brown Egyptological Studies 3. 1960.
Vol. 2, The Ramesside Star Clocks. Brown Egyptological Studies 5. 1964.
Vol. 3, Decans, Planets, Constellations and Zodiacs. Pt. 1, Text. Pt. 2, Plates. Brown Egyptological Studies 6. 1969.

Robins, G. "Mathematics, Astronomy, and Calendars in Pharaonic Egypt." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. Sasson, vol. 3, 1799-1814. New York: Scribner, 1995 onward.

Walsem, R. van. "Month-Names and Feasts at Deir el-Medina." In Gleanings from Deir el-Medina, ed. R. Demarée and Jac. Janssen, 215-44. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut, 1982.

Wente, E. F. and Van Siclen III, C. C. "A Chronology of the New Kingdom." In Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 39, pp. 217-262. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1977.


XVII. Egypt: Ethnology

Batrawi, A. "The Racial History of Egypt and Nubia, Part I." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 75 (1945): 81-101.

Batrawi, A. "The Racial History of Egypt and Nubia, Part II." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 76 (1946): 131-56.

Berry, A. C. and Berry, R. J. "Origins and Relations of the Ancient Egyptians Based on a Study of Non-metrical Variations in the Skull." In Population Biology of the Ancient Egyptians, 199-208.

Berry, A. C., Berry, R. J. and Ucko, P. J. "Genetical Changes in Ancient Egypt." Man n.s. 2 (1967): 551-68.

Brace, C. L., Tracer, D. B., Yaroch, L. A., Robb, J., Brandt, K. and Nelson, A. R. "Clines and Clusters Versus 'Race': A Test in Ancient Egypt and the Case of a Death on the Nile." Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 36 (1993): 1-31.

Brothwell, D. R. and Chiarelli, B. A., editors. Population Biology of the Ancient Egyptians. New York, 1973. (a republishing of papers appearing in the Journal of Human Evolution 1 [1972]).

Nielsen, O. V. "Population Movements and Changes in Ancient Nubia with Special Reference to the Relationship Between C-group, New Kingdom and Kerma." In Population Biology of the Ancient Egyptians, 31-46.

Trigger, B. "Nubian, Negro, Black, Nilotic?" In Africa in Antiquity: The Arts of Ancient Nubia and the Sudan, ed. S. Wenig, 26-35. Volume 1, The Essays. Brooklyn: The Brooklyn Museum, 1978.

Vercoutter, J. "The Iconography of the Black in Ancient Egypt from the Beginnings to the Twenty-fifth Dynasty." In The Image of the Black in Western Art. Vol. 1, From the Pharaohs to the Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. J. Vercoutter, J. Leclant, F. M. Snowden and J. Desanges, 32-88, 291-92. New York: William Morrow, 1976.

Yurco, F. "Were the Ancient Egyptians Black or White?" Biblical Archaeology Review (Sept/Oct., 1989): 24-29, 58.


XVIII. Religion and Magic

a. Near Eastern

Frankfort, H. Kingship and the Gods. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.

Frankfort, H., Frankfort, H. A,, Wilson, J. A. and Jacobsen, T. The Intellectual Adventure of Man: An Essay on Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near East. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1946. Reprinted by Pelican Books, 1949.


b. Hittites

Beckman, G. "Plague Prayers of Mursili II." In The Context of Scripture. Volume 1, Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World, eds. W.W. Hallo and K. L. Younger, 156-60. Leiden, New York, and Cologne, 1997.

Bryce, T. Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Collins, B. J. "Religion." In The Hittites and Their World. 157-195. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2007.

van Gessel, B. H. L. Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon. Three volumes. Handbuch der Orientalistik 1/33. Leiden: Brill, 1998-2001.

Güterbock, H. G. "Some Aspects of Hittite Festivals." In Proceedings of the 17th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, 175-80. Brussels, 1969.

Hoffner, H. A. Hittite Myths, edited by G. M. Beckman. Society of Biblical Literature Writings from the Ancient World 2. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990.

Hutter, M. "Aspects of Luwian Religion." In The Luwians, ed. H. C. Melchert, 211-280. Leiden: Brill, 2003.

Popko, M. Religions of Asia Minor. Warsaw: Dialog, 1995.

Singer, Itmar. Hittite Prayers, ed. Hoffner, H. A. Writings from the Ancient World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002.

Taggar-Cohen, A. Hittite Priesthood. Texte der Hethiter 26. Heidelberg: Winter, 2006.

Taracha, P. Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie 27. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 2009.


c. Egypt

Allen, J. P. "Funerary Texts and Their Meaning." Chapter in Mummies and Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt, ed. S. D'Auria et al., 38-49. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1988.

Allen, T. G. The Book of the Dead or Going Forth By Day. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations 37. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

Bleeker, C. J. Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal. Studies in the History of Religions 13. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1967.

Borghouts, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Magical Texts. Nisaba 9. Leiden: Brill, 1978.

Faulkner, R. O. The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts. 3 Volumes. Warminster: Aris & Philips, 1973, 1977, 1978.

Faulkner, R. O. The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.

Frankfort, H. Ancient Egyptian Religion. New York: Harper & Row, 1961.

Griffiths, J. G. Triads and Trinity. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996.

Hornung, E. Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt. Translated by J. Baines. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.

Hornung, E. "The Discovery of the Unconscious in Ancient Egypt." Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought 1986 (1986): 16-28.

Morenz, S. Egyptian Religion. Boston: Methuen & Co., 1973.

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Mummies and Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt. Boston: MFA, 1988.

Piankoff, A. The Litany of Re. Egyptian Religious Texts and Representations 4. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964.

Piankoff, A. Mythological Papyri. Egyptian Religious Texts and Representations 3. New York: Bollingen Foundation, 1957

Piankoff, A. The Pyramid of Unas. Egyptian Religious Texts and Representations 5. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968.

Piankoff, A. The Shrines of Tutankhamun. Egyptian Religious Texts and Representations 2. New York: Bollingen Foundation, 1955.

Piankoff, A. The Wandering of the Soul. Egyptian Religious Texts and Representations 6. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.

Piankoff, A. and Rambova, N. The Tomb of Ramesses VI. Egyptian Religious Texts and Representations 1. New York: Bollingen Foundation, 1954.

Plutarch De Iside et Osiride. Edited and translated by J. Gwyn Griffiths. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1970.

Quirke, S. Ancient Egyptian Religion. London: British Museum, 1992.

Ritner, R. K. The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 54. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1993.

Shafer, Byron. E. Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths and Personal Practice. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.

Simpson, W. K., editor. Religion and Philosophy in Ancient Egypt. Yale Egyptological Studies 3. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.

Teeter, E. The Presentation of Maat: Ritual and Legitimacy in Ancient Egypt. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 57. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1997.

Wente, E. F. "Funerary Beliefs of the Ancient Egyptians: An Interpretation of the Burials and the Texts." Expedition (Winter, 1982): 17-26.


d. Mesopotamia

Black, Jeremy and Anthony Green. Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1992.

Götze, Albrecht. Old Babylonian Omen Texts. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1947.

Horowitz, Wayne. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1998.

Kramer, Samuel Noah and Maier, John, editors. Myths of Enki, the Crafty God. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Kramer, Samuel Noah. The Sacred Marriage Rite; Aspects of Faith, Myth, and Ritual in Ancient Sumer. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1969.

Jacobsen, Thorkild. The Treasures of Darkness: a History of Mesopotamian Religion. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.

Edwards, Carolyn McVicker. The Storytellers Goddess: Tales of the Goddess and Her Wisdom Around the World. New York: Harper Collins, 1992.

Frankfort, H. and H.A., John A. Wilson, and Thorkild Jacobsen. Before Philosophy: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man. Penguin Books: Baltimore, Maryland, 1946.

Rochberg, F. Babylonian Horoscopes. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society, 1998.

Rochberg, F. The Heavenly Writing: Divination, Horoscopy, and Astronomy in Mesopotamian Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Wolkstein, Diane, and Samuel Noah Kramer. Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1983.


e. Syria, Palestine, and Canaan

L'Heureux, Conrad E. Rank among the Canaanite Gods: El, Ba`al, and the Repha'im. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press,

Mullen, E. Theodore. The Divine Council in Canaanite and Early Hebrew Literature. Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1980.

Driver, Godfrey R. Canaanite Myths and Legends. Edinburgh: Clark, 1978.

Cross, Frank M. Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973.

Handy, Lowell K. Among the Host of Heaven: the Syro-palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1994.


XIX. Medical Science and Palaeopathology

a. Egypt

Balout, L., editor. La momie de Ramses II: Contribution scientifique à l'Égyptologie sous la direction de Lionel Balout et C. Roubet, avec la participation de Ch. Desroches-Noblecourt, etc. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1985.

Bardinet, T. Les papyrus médicaux de l'Egypte pharaonique: Traduction intégrale et commentaire. Penser la Médecine. Paris: Librarie Arthème Fayard, 1995.

Brothwell, D. R. and Sandison, A. T., editors. Diseases in Antiquity: A Survey of the Diseases, Injuries and Surgery of Early Populations. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, 1967.

David, A. R., editor. The Manchester Museum Mummy Project: Multidisciplinary Research on Ancient Egyptian Mummified Remains. Manchester: Manchester Museum, 1979.

David, A. R. and Tapp, E., editors. Evidence Embalmed: Modern Medicine and the Mummies of Ancient Egypt. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984.

Davies, W.V. and Walker, R., editors. Biological Anthropology and the Study of Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press, 1993.

Engelmann, H. and Hallof, J. "Zur medizinischen Nothilfe und Unfallversorgung auf staatlichen Arbeitsplätzen im alten Ägypten [On Emergency Medical Assistance and Accident Provision on State Jobs in Ancient Egypt]." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 122 (1995): 104-37.

Estes, J. W. The Medical Skills of Ancient Egypt. Rev. ed. Canton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 1993.

Filer, J. Disease. Egyptian Bookshelf Series. London: British Museum, 1995.

Ghalioungui, P. "Medicine in Ancient Egypt." In An X-Ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies, ed. J. E. Harris and E. F. Wente, 52-98. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Ghalioungui, P. The Physicians of Pharaonic Egypt. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Kairo Sonderschrift 10. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1983.

Harris, J. E. and Wente, E. F., editors. An X-Ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Harris, J. R. "Medicine." Chapter in The Legacy of Egypt, ed. J. R. Harris, 112-37. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Nunn, J. F. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. London: British Museum, 1996; Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.

Steuer, R. O. and Saunders, J. B. Ancient Egyptian and Cnidian Medicine, The Relationship of Their Aetiological Concepts of Disease. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959.

Walker, J. "Egyptian Medicine and the Gods." Bulletin of the Australian Centre of Egyptology 4 (1993): 83-101.

Walker, J. "The Place of Magic in the Practice of Medicine in Ancient Egypt." Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology 1 (1990): 85-95.

Westendorf, W. Erwachen der Heilkunst Die Medizin im Alten Ägypten. Zurich: Artemis & Winkler, 1992.


b. Mesopotamia

Biggs, R. D. "Conception, Contraception, and Abortion in Ancient Mesopotamia." In Wisdom, Gods and Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W. G. Lambert, ed. A. R. George and I. L. Finkel, 1-14. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2000.

Biggs, R. D. "Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health in Ancient Mesopotamia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1911-1924. Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Scurlock, J. Magico-Medical Means of Treating Ghost-Induced Illness in Ancient Mesopotamia. Ancient Magic and Divination 3. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006.

Scurlock, J. and B. R. Andersen. Diagnoses in Assyrian and Babylonian Medicine: Ancient Sources, Translations, and Modern Medical Analyses. University of Illinois Press, 2005.


XX. Astronomy, Engineering, Mathematics, Science and Technology

a. Egypt

Arnold, D. Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry. New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991.

Clagett, M. Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book. Vol. 1, Knowledge and Order. Vol. 2, Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1989.

Depuydt, L. Civil Calendar and Lunar Calendar in Ancient Egypt. Orientalia Lovaniensa Analecta 77. Leuven: Vitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies, 1997.

Forbes, R. J. Studies in Ancient Technology. Four volumes. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1955-1956.

Harrell, J. A. and Brown, V. M., "The Oldest Surviving Topographical Map from Ancient Egypt (Turin Papyri 1879, 1899 and 1969)." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 29 (1992): 81-106.

Harrell, J. A. and Brown, V. M., "The World's Oldest Surviving Geological Map: The 1150 B.C. Turin Papyrus from Egypt." Journal of Geology 100 (1992): 3-18.

Harris, J. R. Lexicographical Studies in Ancient Egyptian Minerals. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1961.

Harris, J. R. "Technology and Materials." Chapter in The Legacy of Egypt, ed. J. R. Harris, 83-111. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Lucas, A. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 4th ed., rev. by J. R. Harris. London: Edward Arnold Ltd., 1962. Reprinted London: Histories and Mysteries of Man Ltd., 1989.

Nicholson, P. T. and Shaw, I., eds. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Three parts. Part 1, Inorganic Materials. Part 2, Organic Materials. Part 3, Food Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Partridge, R. B. Transport in Ancient Egypt. London: Rubicon Press, 1996.

Ritter, J. "Measure for Measure: Mathematics in Egypt and Mesopotamia." In A History of Scientific Thought: Elements of a History of Science. Edited by Michel Serres, 44-72. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1995.

Robins, G. and Shute, C. The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus: An Ancient Egyptian Text. London: British Museum Press, 1987, 1998.

Parker, R. "The Calendars and Chronology." Chapter in The Legacy of Egypt, ed. J. R. Harris, 13-26. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Parker, R. The Calendars of Egypt. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 26. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1950.

Robins, G. "Mathematics, Astronomy, and Calendars in Pharaonic Egypt." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1799-1814. Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Schnitter, N. J. "The Ancient Civilizations: The Nile Valley." Extract of chapter in A History of Dams: The Useful Pyramids, 1-7. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1994.

Toomer, G. J. "Mathematics and Astronomy." Chapter in The Legacy of Egypt, ed. J. R. Harris, pp. 27-55. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.


b. Mesopotamia

Glassner, J.-J. "Progress, Science, and the Use of Knowledge in Ancient Mesopotamia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1815-1824. Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Hodges, H. Technology in the Ancient World. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1992.

Hunger, H. and D. Pingree. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Handbuch Der Orientalistik. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 1999.

Koch-Westenholz, U. and U. S. Koch. Mesopotamian Astrology: An Introduction to Babylonian & Assyrian Celestial Divination. Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications 19. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1994.

Matson, F. R. "Potters and Pottery in the Ancient Near East." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1553-1556. Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Moorey, P. R. S. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.

Moorey, P. R. S. Materials and Manufacture in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Evidence of Archaeology and Art: Metals and Metalwork, Glazed Materials and Glass. Oxford: B.A.R. Series, 1985.

Moss, C. Science in Ancient Mesopotamia. Franklin Watts: New York, 1989.

Neugebauer, O. Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983.

Neugebauer, O. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. New York: Harper, 1962.

Neugebauer, O. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Berlin and New York: Springer-Verlag, 1975.

Powell, M. "Metrology and Mathematics in Ancient Mesopotamia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1941-1958. Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Rochberg, F. "Astronomy and Calendars in Ancient Mesopotamia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, ed. J. M. Sasson, 1925-1940. Volume 3. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995 onward.

Rochberg, F. The Heavenly Writing: Divination, Horoscopy, and Astronomy in Mesopotamian Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.